Determinants Of Energy Consumption In The European Union In 2022-2023
Keywords:
Energy Consumption, GDP, Average Temperature, Electricity Prices, EU Energy Crisis.
Abstract
This study analyzes the effect of GDP per capita, electricity price, urbanization rate, and average temperature on energy consumption in 27 EU countries in 2022-2023, a time of energy crisis due to global geopolitical tensions. Energy consumption is defined as the total energy used for economic and household activities, measured in kilograms of oil equivalent (KGOE). Using panel data regression with Random Effect Model approach, the results show that GDP per capita and average temperature have a significant effect on energy consumption, where GDP increases and temperature decreases consumption. Electricity price also has a significant negative effect, reflecting the drive for energy efficiency, while urbanization is not significant. The R² value of 0.548491 indicates that the model is able to explain 54.85% of the variation in energy consumption, confirming the relevance of economic and climatic factors to energy dynamics in the region.
References
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Matschoss, K., Laakso, S., & Rinkinen, J. (2025). Disruptions and energy demand: How Finnish households responded to the energy crisis of 2022. Energy Research & Social Science, 121, 103977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.103977
Munir, R. (2010). Migrasi. Dalam Adioetommo, Sri Moertiningsih dan Samosir, Omas Bulan (Edisi 2). Salemba Empat Lembaga Demografi F.E.U.I.
Nazer, M., & Handra, H. (2016). Analisis Konsumsi Energi Rumah Tangga Perkotaan di Indonesia: Periode Tahun 2008 dan 2011. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 16(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v16i2.04
Nurhidayat Mahmuddin, & Agussalim Burhanuddin. (2024). Peran IEA (International Energy Agency) Dalam Mengatasi Krisis Energi Sebagai Dampak Perang Rusia-Ukraina. Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 16(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.32734/politeia.v16i1.12464
OECD. (2023). Economic outlook and regional development in Europe.
Purnama, H., Gunarto, T., & Budiarty, I. (2020). Effects Of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth And Urbanization On Indonesian Environmental Quality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10586
Rezki, J. F. (2012). Konsumsi Energi dan Pembangunan Ekonomi di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 12(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v12i1.03
Rosadi, M., & Amar, S. (2019). FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KONSUMSI LISTRIK DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 1(2), 273. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v1i2.6170
Simionescu, M. (2025). The Impact of Income Inequality on Energy Poverty in the European Union. International Journal of Financial Studies, 13(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020054
Slutins, O., Zemite, L., Bogdanova, O., Kronkalns, D., Jasevics, A., & Palkova, K. (2025). Assessing Energy Poverty in the European Union: Indicators, Challenges, and Policy Solutions. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences, 62(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2025-0002
Smal, T., & Wieprow, J. (2023). Energy Security in the Context of Global Energy Crisis: Economic and Financial Conditions. Energies, 16(4), 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041605
Smil, V. (2017). Energy and Civilization: A History. MIT Press.
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
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Sumardi. (2013). Kajian model ruang terbuka hijau sebagai unsur penunjang kualitas lingkungan di Kota Bandung [Universitas Brawijaya]. https://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/162219/1/SUMARDI.pdf
Tran, B.-L., Chen, C.-C., & Tseng, W.-C. (2022). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the presence of GDP threshold effect: Evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 251, 123902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123902
Unnerstall, T. (2022). Permanent Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth from Resource Consumption in the EU-15, 1970-2019. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 10(3), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20221003.12
Wenz, L., Levermann, A., & Auffhammer, M. (2017). North–south polarization of European electricity consumption under future warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704339114
Wiedenhofer, D., Virág, D., Kalt, G., Plank, B., Streeck, J., Pichler, M., Mayer, A., Krausmann, F., Brockway, P., Schaffartzik, A., Fishman, T., Hausknost, D., Leon-Gruchalski, B., Sousa, T., Creutzig, F., & Haberl, H. (2020). A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part I: bibliometric and conceptual mapping. Environmental Research Letters, 15(6), 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8429
WMO. (2021). WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals (WMO-No. 1203).
WMO, U. (2014). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), climate and water extremes, 1970–2012.
World Economic Forum. (2023). Wind and solar power generated more electricity in the EU last year than gas did. Here’s how. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/01/renewable-energy-electricity-record-europe/
Yergin, D. (2023). he New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations. Https://Www.Gic.Com.Sg/Thinkspace/Sustainability/the-Geopolitics-of-the-Energy-Transition/.
Yusgiantoro, P. (2000). Ekonomi Energi: Teori dan Praktik. Pustaka LP3ES.
Zhang, B., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2023). The impact of geopolitical risk on energy security: Evidence from a GMM panel VAR approach. Resources Policy, 86, 104222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104222
Al-Bajjali, S. K., & Shamayleh, A. Y. (2018). Estimating the determinants of electricity consumption in Jordan. Energy, 147, 1311–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.010
Aslan, A., Gozbasi, O., Altinoz, B., & Altuntas, M. (2021). Impact of financial development and economic growth on energy consumption: A panel vector autoregressive analysis for the comparison of G7 and top 10 emerging market economies. Energy & Environment, 32(7), 1315–1330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X211004113
Auffhammer, M., & Aroonruengsawat, A. (2011). Simulating the impacts of climate change, prices and population on California’s residential electricity consumption. Climatic Change, 109(S1), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0299-y
Azmi, A. N., Zulhaiziah, S., & Zahfira, A. (2024). Strategi Adaptasi Iklim Uni Eropa Di Tengah Tantangan Perang Rusia-Ukraina Tahun 2022. 3(2), 107–122.
Ballester, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Méndez Turrubiates, R. F., Pegenaute, F., Herrmann, F. R., Robine, J. M., Basagaña, X., Tonne, C., Antó, J. M., & Achebak, H. (2023). Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nature Medicine, 29(7), 1857–1866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z
CEPR. (2025). Informational boundaries of the state and the energy crisis. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
De Cian, E., Lanzi, E., & Roson, R. (2013). Seasonal temperature variations and energy demand. Climatic Change, 116(3–4), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0514-5
Dev, T., Haghiri, M., & Sabau, G. (2024). Impacts of Urbanization on Energy Consumption in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Zone. Sustainability, 16(18), 8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188141
Ernie Hari Ismiyanti, C. S. P. . D. . M. (2020). ANALISIS PENGARUH URBANISASI TERHADAP KONSUMSI ENERGI PRIMER DI INDONESIA PERIODE 1970-2018. Https://Etd.Repository.Ugm.Ac.Id/Penelitian/Detail/188683.
European Regions Research and Innovation Network. (2024). Alleviating household energy poverty in Europe.
Eurostat. (2023a). Electricity & gas hit record prices in 2022. Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230426-2
Eurostat. (2023b). Energy Statistics in the EU. Https://Ec.Europa.Eu/Eurostat.
Fajarini, D., & Hamzah, L. M. (2019). Konsumsi Energi di Kabupaten-Kota Provinsi Lampung. Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial Dan Teknologi, September, 61–66.
IEA. (2023a). Energy Efficiency 2023. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org
IEA. (2023b). Russia’s war on Ukraine. Internasional Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine
IEEP. (2023). Electricity prices on the rise, with big discrepancies among EU countries. Nstitute for European Environmental Policy. https://www.eurelectric.org/news/data-update-prices-on-the-rise-with-big-discrepancies-among-eu-countries/
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis. In Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
Irawan, H., & Hartono, D. (2022). Impact of Urbanization on Energy Intensity in Indonesia: Spatial Analysis. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 6(2), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v6i2.309
Iryanto, M. S., & Moeis, J. P. (2022). Dampak Perubahan Harga Energi Terhadap Konsumsi Energi Rumah Tangga Di Indonesia. Musamus Journal of Economics Development, 4(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.35724/feb.v4i1.4176
Isaac, M., & van Vuuren, D. P. (2009). Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy, 37(2), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051
Khairunnisa, S. A. (2017). Pengaruh Subsidi Energi Fosil, Pendapatan Nasional, Emisi Karbon Dioksida Terhadap Konsumsi Energi Terbarukan Di Wilayah Asia Dan Eropa.
Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1987). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy Development, 3, 401–403. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2023.139010
Logayah, D. S., Rahmawati, R. P., Hindami, D. Z., & Mustikasari, B. R. (2023). Krisis Energi Uni Eropa: Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Menghadapi Pasokan Energi yang Terbatas. Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs, 3(2), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.31947/hjirs.v3i2.27052
Mankiw, N. G. (2021). Principles of Economics (9th ed). Cengage Learning.
Matschoss, K., Laakso, S., & Rinkinen, J. (2025). Disruptions and energy demand: How Finnish households responded to the energy crisis of 2022. Energy Research & Social Science, 121, 103977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.103977
Munir, R. (2010). Migrasi. Dalam Adioetommo, Sri Moertiningsih dan Samosir, Omas Bulan (Edisi 2). Salemba Empat Lembaga Demografi F.E.U.I.
Nazer, M., & Handra, H. (2016). Analisis Konsumsi Energi Rumah Tangga Perkotaan di Indonesia: Periode Tahun 2008 dan 2011. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 16(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v16i2.04
Nurhidayat Mahmuddin, & Agussalim Burhanuddin. (2024). Peran IEA (International Energy Agency) Dalam Mengatasi Krisis Energi Sebagai Dampak Perang Rusia-Ukraina. Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 16(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.32734/politeia.v16i1.12464
OECD. (2023). Economic outlook and regional development in Europe.
Purnama, H., Gunarto, T., & Budiarty, I. (2020). Effects Of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth And Urbanization On Indonesian Environmental Quality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10586
Rezki, J. F. (2012). Konsumsi Energi dan Pembangunan Ekonomi di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 12(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v12i1.03
Rosadi, M., & Amar, S. (2019). FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KONSUMSI LISTRIK DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 1(2), 273. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v1i2.6170
Simionescu, M. (2025). The Impact of Income Inequality on Energy Poverty in the European Union. International Journal of Financial Studies, 13(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020054
Slutins, O., Zemite, L., Bogdanova, O., Kronkalns, D., Jasevics, A., & Palkova, K. (2025). Assessing Energy Poverty in the European Union: Indicators, Challenges, and Policy Solutions. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences, 62(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2025-0002
Smal, T., & Wieprow, J. (2023). Energy Security in the Context of Global Energy Crisis: Economic and Financial Conditions. Energies, 16(4), 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041605
Smil, V. (2017). Energy and Civilization: A History. MIT Press.
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
Sovacool, B. K., Furszyfer Del Rio, D., & Griffiths, S. (2020). Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology. Energy Research & Social Science, 68, 101701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701
Sumardi. (2013). Kajian model ruang terbuka hijau sebagai unsur penunjang kualitas lingkungan di Kota Bandung [Universitas Brawijaya]. https://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/162219/1/SUMARDI.pdf
Tran, B.-L., Chen, C.-C., & Tseng, W.-C. (2022). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the presence of GDP threshold effect: Evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 251, 123902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123902
Unnerstall, T. (2022). Permanent Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth from Resource Consumption in the EU-15, 1970-2019. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 10(3), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20221003.12
Wenz, L., Levermann, A., & Auffhammer, M. (2017). North–south polarization of European electricity consumption under future warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704339114
Wiedenhofer, D., Virág, D., Kalt, G., Plank, B., Streeck, J., Pichler, M., Mayer, A., Krausmann, F., Brockway, P., Schaffartzik, A., Fishman, T., Hausknost, D., Leon-Gruchalski, B., Sousa, T., Creutzig, F., & Haberl, H. (2020). A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part I: bibliometric and conceptual mapping. Environmental Research Letters, 15(6), 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8429
WMO. (2021). WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals (WMO-No. 1203).
WMO, U. (2014). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), climate and water extremes, 1970–2012.
World Economic Forum. (2023). Wind and solar power generated more electricity in the EU last year than gas did. Here’s how. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/01/renewable-energy-electricity-record-europe/
Yergin, D. (2023). he New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations. Https://Www.Gic.Com.Sg/Thinkspace/Sustainability/the-Geopolitics-of-the-Energy-Transition/.
Yusgiantoro, P. (2000). Ekonomi Energi: Teori dan Praktik. Pustaka LP3ES.
Zhang, B., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2023). The impact of geopolitical risk on energy security: Evidence from a GMM panel VAR approach. Resources Policy, 86, 104222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104222
Published
2025-05-15
How to Cite
Tina Safitri, Toto Gunarto, & Resha Moniyana Putri. (2025). Determinants Of Energy Consumption In The European Union In 2022-2023. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 4(03), 583-599. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v4i03.1784
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