The Effect of Peer Support and Supervisor Support on Employee Performance Mediated by Teamwork Cohesiveness
Keywords:
Peer Support, Supervisor Support, Teamwork Cohesiveness, Employee Performance.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of peer support and supervisor support on employee performance with teamwork cohesiveness as a mediating variable at Citra Purnama Catering. The research method used is quantitative with an explanatory research design. The study population was 90 employees, with a sample of 84 operational employees determined using a saturated sampling technique. Data in this study were collected through distributing questionnaires with a measurement scale of 1-10 and analyzed using SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results showed that peer support had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, while supervisor support had a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance. Teamwork cohesiveness had a positive and significant effect on employee performance. In addition, peer support and supervisor support had a positive and significant effect on teamwork cohesiveness. Teamwork cohesiveness was proven to partially mediate the relationship between peer support and employee performance, and fully mediate the relationship between supervisor support and employee performance.
References
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Alvianita, R. H., Emilisa, N., & Tiarapuspa. (2023). The Effect of Supervisor Support on Employee Performance with Organizational Identification and Office De-Clutter as Intervening Variables among Gen-Z Employees in Service Companies in Jakarta. Trisakti Journal of Economics, 3(2), 2175-2184. https://doi.org/10.25105/jet.v3i2.16888
Amanda, G. T., & Ekhsan, M. (2024). The Effect of Supervisor Support on Employee Performance Mediated by Job Satisfaction in an Electronics Company in the EJIP Industrial Estate. Journal of Business Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 945-957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v8i4.29074
Azizan, F. L., Arifin, M. A., Shahidan, A. N., & Othman, N. (2021). The Impact of Supervisor-Nurse Relationships, Cooperative Communication and Team Effectiveness: A Study of Nursing Teams. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 550-564. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i8/10168
Cruz, K. S., Zagenczyk, T. J., Scott, K. L., & Purvis, R. L. (2021). Perceptions of Co-Worker Exclusion and Performance Outcomes: Are Different Forms of Support Helpful or Hurtful? Journal of Management & Organization, 28(2), 283-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.56
Fortuna, K. L., Solomon, P., & Rivera, J. (2022). An Update of Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 93(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-022-09971-w
Grossman, R., Nolan, K., Rosch, Z., Mazer, D., & Salas, E. (2021). The Team Cohesion-Performance Relationship: A Meta-Analysis Exploring Measurement Approaches and the Changing Team Landscape. Organizational Psychology Review, 12(2), 181-238. DOI:10.1177/20413866211041157
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: Sage Publications
Hayunintyas, R. F., Do, B. R., Irawanto, D. W. & Sudiro, A. (2018). Organizational Justice and Affective Organizational Commitment: Mediated by Organizational Trust and Perceived Organizational Support. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 6(3), 175-196. DOI: 10.21776/ub.apmba.2018.006.03.4
Hidayati, T., Hudayah, S., & Putit, L. (2025). Relationship With Supervisor and Role Clarity on Employee Performance Moderated by Achievement Motivation. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 14(3), 1007-1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v14i3.4428
Iwan, P. R. I., Miftahudin, M., Latif, L., & Noegraha, R. A. (2023). The Effect of Group Cohesiveness on Employee Performance in an Insurance Company. Polgan Minfo Journal, 12(2), 2742-2747. https://doi.org/10.33395/jmp.v12i2.13357
Khattak, P., Shah, M., & Hammad, M. (2020). Impact of Knowledge Sharing and Teamwork on Team Performance with the Moderating Role of Supervisor Support. British Journal of Research, 7(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.36648/2394-3718.7.2.57
Lachowicz, M. J., Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2018). A Novel Measure of Effect Size for Mediation Analysis. Psychological Methods, 23(2), 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000165
Le, B. H., Duong, C. H., & Nguyen, G. T. (2025). Perceived Supervisor Support and Its Impact on Job Performance: Dataset from the Hospitality Industry in Vietnam. Data in Brief. DOI:10.1016/j.dib.2025.111649
Lee, C., Yeh, W., Yu, Z., & Tsai, T. (2022). The Impacts of Supervisor Support, Role Perception, and Emotional Exhaustion on the Turnover Intentions of Real Estate Brokers. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 38(4), 101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2022.101227
Li, J., Jia, L., Cai, Y., Kwan, H. K., & You, S. (2020). Employee-Organization Relationships and Team Performance: Role of Team Collective Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00206
Lieb, M., Erim, Y. & Morawa, E. (2024). Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Team Cohesion: The Erlangen Team Cohesion at Work Scale (ETC). BMC Psychol 12, 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01583-2
McIlroy, T. D., Parker, S. L., & McKimmie, B. M. (2025). Ask, but You Might not Receive: Unanswered Supervisor Support Scale Development and a Daily Diary Study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(1), 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09950-x
Mughal, H.A. (2019). Support at Work and its Relationship with Employee Performance: Critical Insights for Early Scholars. Annals of Contemporary Developments in Management & HR. DOI:10.33166/ACDMHR.2019.03.002
Nahruddin, L. A. (2024). Development of a Psychological Measuring Tool: Peer Social Support Scale (PSSS). Psisula: Periodical Proceedings of Psychology, 6, 489-501. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.30659/psisula.v6i0.39265
Nugraha, R. N., & Handayani, D. (2024). Employee Performance Indicators at PT. Idea Indonesia Tbk. West Science Social and Humanities Studies, 2(03), 518-525.
Pahk, Y., & Baek, J. S. (2021). A Relational Approach to the Design for Peer Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052596
Pietrantoni, L., Mazzetti, G., Niaves, M. S. R., Kubik, R., Giusino, D., & Angelis, M. D. (2024). Enhancing Team Dynamics Through Digital Coaching: The Role of Managerial and Peer Support. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(10), 16-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2023-0193
Salcinovic, B., Drew, M., Dijkstra, P., Waddington, G., & Serpell, B. G. (2022). Factors Influencing Team Performance: What Can Support Teams in High-Performance Sport Learn from Other Industries? A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 25.
Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qasim, A. (2022). Supervisor Support, Self-Efficacy, and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Office De-Clutter. Administrative Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040177
Sari, E. A. P., Pradana, K. A., & Simanjuntak, E. R. (2025). The Impact of Coworker Support Toward Team Cohesion and Transactive Memory System Collaboration: Moderating Roles of Intergenerational Affect in the Mining Industry. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026253
Singh, B., Selvarajan, T. T., & Solansky, S. (2019). Coworker Influence on Employee Performance: A Conservation of Resources Perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2018-0392
Sjöblom, K., Mäkiniemi, J. P., & Mäkikangas, A. (2022). I Was Given Three Marks and Told to Buy a Porsche-Supervisors' Experiences of Leading Psychosocial Safety Climate and Team Psychological Safety in a Remote Academic Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912016
Vries, J. P. D., Knies, E., & Leisink, P. (2022). Shared Perceptions of Supervisor Support: What Processes Make Supervisors and Employees See Eye to Eye? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42(1), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X20942814
Wei, H., Zhang, S., Qu, W., Liu, M., Yan, Z., & Luan, X. (2024). The Association Between Team Cohesion and Performance: A Network Analysis of Nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.13089
Wu, S., Zhou, S., Yu, X., Chen, W., Zheng, W., Huang, M., Zhang, H., Li, X., Fang, G., Zhao, X., & Zhang, K. (2020). Association Between Social Support and Job Satisfaction Among Mainland Chinese Ethnic Minority Kindergarten Teachers: The Mediation of Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581397
Ximenes, M., Supartha, W. G., Manuati Dewi, I. G. A., & Sintaasih, D. K. (2019). Entrepreneurial Leadership Moderating High Performance Work System and Employee Creativity on Employee Performance. Cogent Business and Management, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1697512
Yang, M., Schloemer, H., Zhu, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, W., & Dong, N. (2020). Why and When Team Reflexivity Contributes to Team Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03044
Zhang, Z., Takahashi, Y., & Rezwan, R. B. (2025). Knowledge Hiding and Social Exchange Theory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1516815
Alsakarneh, A., Fraihat, B. A. M., Otoom, A., Mustafa, S. M. B., Nawasra, M., & Eneizan, B. (2022). How to Motivate Employees to Perform Better? The Impact of Social Support on Employees' Performance in the Hotel Industry. Journal of Systems and Management Sciences, 12(6), 487-510. https://doi.org/10.33168/JSMS.2022.0629
Alvianita, R. H., Emilisa, N., & Tiarapuspa. (2023). The Effect of Supervisor Support on Employee Performance with Organizational Identification and Office De-Clutter as Intervening Variables among Gen-Z Employees in Service Companies in Jakarta. Trisakti Journal of Economics, 3(2), 2175-2184. https://doi.org/10.25105/jet.v3i2.16888
Amanda, G. T., & Ekhsan, M. (2024). The Effect of Supervisor Support on Employee Performance Mediated by Job Satisfaction in an Electronics Company in the EJIP Industrial Estate. Journal of Business Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 945-957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v8i4.29074
Azizan, F. L., Arifin, M. A., Shahidan, A. N., & Othman, N. (2021). The Impact of Supervisor-Nurse Relationships, Cooperative Communication and Team Effectiveness: A Study of Nursing Teams. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 550-564. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i8/10168
Cruz, K. S., Zagenczyk, T. J., Scott, K. L., & Purvis, R. L. (2021). Perceptions of Co-Worker Exclusion and Performance Outcomes: Are Different Forms of Support Helpful or Hurtful? Journal of Management & Organization, 28(2), 283-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.56
Fortuna, K. L., Solomon, P., & Rivera, J. (2022). An Update of Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 93(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-022-09971-w
Grossman, R., Nolan, K., Rosch, Z., Mazer, D., & Salas, E. (2021). The Team Cohesion-Performance Relationship: A Meta-Analysis Exploring Measurement Approaches and the Changing Team Landscape. Organizational Psychology Review, 12(2), 181-238. DOI:10.1177/20413866211041157
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: Sage Publications
Hayunintyas, R. F., Do, B. R., Irawanto, D. W. & Sudiro, A. (2018). Organizational Justice and Affective Organizational Commitment: Mediated by Organizational Trust and Perceived Organizational Support. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 6(3), 175-196. DOI: 10.21776/ub.apmba.2018.006.03.4
Hidayati, T., Hudayah, S., & Putit, L. (2025). Relationship With Supervisor and Role Clarity on Employee Performance Moderated by Achievement Motivation. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 14(3), 1007-1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v14i3.4428
Iwan, P. R. I., Miftahudin, M., Latif, L., & Noegraha, R. A. (2023). The Effect of Group Cohesiveness on Employee Performance in an Insurance Company. Polgan Minfo Journal, 12(2), 2742-2747. https://doi.org/10.33395/jmp.v12i2.13357
Khattak, P., Shah, M., & Hammad, M. (2020). Impact of Knowledge Sharing and Teamwork on Team Performance with the Moderating Role of Supervisor Support. British Journal of Research, 7(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.36648/2394-3718.7.2.57
Lachowicz, M. J., Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2018). A Novel Measure of Effect Size for Mediation Analysis. Psychological Methods, 23(2), 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000165
Le, B. H., Duong, C. H., & Nguyen, G. T. (2025). Perceived Supervisor Support and Its Impact on Job Performance: Dataset from the Hospitality Industry in Vietnam. Data in Brief. DOI:10.1016/j.dib.2025.111649
Lee, C., Yeh, W., Yu, Z., & Tsai, T. (2022). The Impacts of Supervisor Support, Role Perception, and Emotional Exhaustion on the Turnover Intentions of Real Estate Brokers. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 38(4), 101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2022.101227
Li, J., Jia, L., Cai, Y., Kwan, H. K., & You, S. (2020). Employee-Organization Relationships and Team Performance: Role of Team Collective Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00206
Lieb, M., Erim, Y. & Morawa, E. (2024). Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Team Cohesion: The Erlangen Team Cohesion at Work Scale (ETC). BMC Psychol 12, 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01583-2
McIlroy, T. D., Parker, S. L., & McKimmie, B. M. (2025). Ask, but You Might not Receive: Unanswered Supervisor Support Scale Development and a Daily Diary Study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(1), 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09950-x
Mughal, H.A. (2019). Support at Work and its Relationship with Employee Performance: Critical Insights for Early Scholars. Annals of Contemporary Developments in Management & HR. DOI:10.33166/ACDMHR.2019.03.002
Nahruddin, L. A. (2024). Development of a Psychological Measuring Tool: Peer Social Support Scale (PSSS). Psisula: Periodical Proceedings of Psychology, 6, 489-501. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.30659/psisula.v6i0.39265
Nugraha, R. N., & Handayani, D. (2024). Employee Performance Indicators at PT. Idea Indonesia Tbk. West Science Social and Humanities Studies, 2(03), 518-525.
Pahk, Y., & Baek, J. S. (2021). A Relational Approach to the Design for Peer Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052596
Pietrantoni, L., Mazzetti, G., Niaves, M. S. R., Kubik, R., Giusino, D., & Angelis, M. D. (2024). Enhancing Team Dynamics Through Digital Coaching: The Role of Managerial and Peer Support. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(10), 16-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2023-0193
Salcinovic, B., Drew, M., Dijkstra, P., Waddington, G., & Serpell, B. G. (2022). Factors Influencing Team Performance: What Can Support Teams in High-Performance Sport Learn from Other Industries? A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 25.
Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qasim, A. (2022). Supervisor Support, Self-Efficacy, and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Office De-Clutter. Administrative Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040177
Sari, E. A. P., Pradana, K. A., & Simanjuntak, E. R. (2025). The Impact of Coworker Support Toward Team Cohesion and Transactive Memory System Collaboration: Moderating Roles of Intergenerational Affect in the Mining Industry. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026253
Singh, B., Selvarajan, T. T., & Solansky, S. (2019). Coworker Influence on Employee Performance: A Conservation of Resources Perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2018-0392
Sjöblom, K., Mäkiniemi, J. P., & Mäkikangas, A. (2022). I Was Given Three Marks and Told to Buy a Porsche-Supervisors' Experiences of Leading Psychosocial Safety Climate and Team Psychological Safety in a Remote Academic Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912016
Vries, J. P. D., Knies, E., & Leisink, P. (2022). Shared Perceptions of Supervisor Support: What Processes Make Supervisors and Employees See Eye to Eye? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42(1), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X20942814
Wei, H., Zhang, S., Qu, W., Liu, M., Yan, Z., & Luan, X. (2024). The Association Between Team Cohesion and Performance: A Network Analysis of Nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.13089
Wu, S., Zhou, S., Yu, X., Chen, W., Zheng, W., Huang, M., Zhang, H., Li, X., Fang, G., Zhao, X., & Zhang, K. (2020). Association Between Social Support and Job Satisfaction Among Mainland Chinese Ethnic Minority Kindergarten Teachers: The Mediation of Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581397
Ximenes, M., Supartha, W. G., Manuati Dewi, I. G. A., & Sintaasih, D. K. (2019). Entrepreneurial Leadership Moderating High Performance Work System and Employee Creativity on Employee Performance. Cogent Business and Management, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1697512
Yang, M., Schloemer, H., Zhu, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, W., & Dong, N. (2020). Why and When Team Reflexivity Contributes to Team Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03044
Zhang, Z., Takahashi, Y., & Rezwan, R. B. (2025). Knowledge Hiding and Social Exchange Theory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1516815
Published
2026-04-11
How to Cite
Azizah, J., Sanusi, F., & Kambara, R. (2026). The Effect of Peer Support and Supervisor Support on Employee Performance Mediated by Teamwork Cohesiveness. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 5(03), 167-195. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v5i03.3140
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Email : ijebir@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijebir@gmail.com
