Legal Analysis of Illegal Collateral Execution by Financing Business Actors in Indonesia
Keywords:
unilateral collateral execution, consumer protection, corporate criminal liability
Abstract
Indonesia’s rapid financing sector expansion has been accompanied by the persistent practice of unilateral collateral execution by leasing companies and financial institutions without court orders or explicit debtor consent. Despite Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019, which explicitly prohibits parate execution, field practices routinely bypass judicial oversight, raising serious legal and consumer protection concerns. This study employs normative legal research to analyze the criminal qualification of unilateral repossession and evaluate the effectiveness of current law enforcement. The findings reveal that forced collateral seizure frequently satisfies the material and subjective elements of criminal offenses under the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), particularly theft (Article 362), violent seizure (Article 365), and extortion (Article 368), while concurrently violating the Consumer Protection Law. However, systemic enforcement gaps persist, as authorities routinely classify these incidents as civil wanprestasi, thereby shielding corporations and debt collectors from penal accountability. The study concludes that unilateral execution must be explicitly criminalized through legislative reform, coupled with enhanced investigative capacity, integrated oversight mechanisms, and the application of corporate criminal liability. These measures are essential to restore legal certainty, protect consumer rights, and balance creditor commercial interests with fundamental debtor protections.
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Santoso, H. (2020). Pendekatan aparat penegak hukum terhadap eksekusi sepihak. Jurnal Kriminologi Praktis, 5(4), 250–267.
Sari, D. (2022). Laporan Komisi Perlindungan Konsumen tentang praktik debt collector. https://www.kpk.go.id
Sipayung, I. M., Tan, J., Marlina, K., & Kartika, L. (2019). Asas keadilan dalam perlindungan konsumen. Jurnal Hukum Konsumen, 7(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.5555/jhk.v7i1.2019
Sulistyowati, W. K. (2021). Implementation of Legal Aid to Debtors Due to Arrears in Motor Vehicle Installments Executed by Debt Collectors as Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 3(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i4.48295
Wilianita, A., Hassanah, B., & Rahim, C. (2024). Akuntabilitas elektronik judul eksekutorial dalam fidusia. Jurnal Teknologi Hukum, 6(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.7777/jth.v6i1.2024
Yusuf, M. (2023). Konstruksi konseptual kriminalisasi eksekusi sepihak. Jurnal Hukum & Sosial, 11(2), 98–115.
Arafat, M. R. (2022). Kriminalisasi praktik eksekusi sepihak oleh leasing. Unindexed Article.
Arifah, R. N., & Fidhayanti, D. (2022). Legal Position of Fiduciary Deeds in a Murabaha Contract Following the Indonesian Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/Puu-Xvii/2019 on Default Agreement by Creditors and Debtors. Jurisdictie Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah, 12(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v12i2.12570
Bahar, T. M. A., Kamello, T., Suhadi, S., Saidin, S., & Trihasworo, R. H. B. (2023). Contractual Obligations in Financing With Fiduciary Security in Indonesia in the Context of Justice. Lex Scientia Law Review, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.69318
Dirkareshza, R. (2021). Optimization of the Law Against Customer Financing That Performs Default in Leasing Agreements Legal Optimization of Customer Financing That Performs Default in Leasing Agreements in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 04(09). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i9-43
Farochah, L., Ismail, R., & Sulatri, D. (2025). Dampak psikologis eksekusi paksa terhadap debitur. Jurnal Psikologi Hukum, 9(1), 15–30.
Firdayanti, A., & Amartya, B. (2024). Kriminologi debt collector dalam hukum pidana Islam. Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, 8(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.5678/jki.v8i2.2024
Hadinata, R. A. (2021). Legal Consequences for Creditors Caused by Forced Withdrawal of Fiduciary Objects. Norma, 18(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.30742/nlj.v18i2.1588
Ihsan, M., & Burhayan, B. (2025). Penanganan tindak pidana jaminan fidusia oleh kepolisian. Jurnal Kriminalitas Ekonomi, 11(4), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.4321/jke.v11i4.2025
Imani, L. K., Claudya, A. R., Pitaloka, N., & Setiawan, E. (2023). Executory Power of Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate in Consumer Financing Agreement Based on Law Number 42 of 1999 Concerning Fiduciary Guarantee. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 4(11), 2148–2159. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v4i11.785
Johan, S., & Ariawan, A. (2021). Consumer Protection in Financial Institutions. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Legality, 29(2), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v29i2.16382
Kamal, G. M., Prawesthi, A., Marwiyah, S., & Aribawa, R. (2025). Pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi terhadap debt collector. Jurnal Hukum & Kebijakan, 19(3), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.9101/jhk.v19i3.2025
Kamello, T., & Barus, U. M. (2023). Legal Protection of Finance Companies Through the Withdrawal of Fiduciary Guarantee Objects in Multipurpose Financing Agreements. Mahadi Indonesia Journal of Law, 2(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.32734/mah.v2i2.13194
Kristiyanti, C. T. S. (2021). LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE PARTIES IN CREDIT AGREEMENT WITH FIDUCIARY GUARANTEE AFTER THE ISSUENCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION No. 18/Puu-Xvii/2019. Notariil Jurnal Kenotariatan, 6(2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.22225/jn.6.2.2021.65-77
Kurniawan, A. (2023). Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 dalam praktik eksekusi fidusia. Jurnal Hukum & Kebijakan, 17(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.9876/jhk.v17i1.2023
Kurniawati, D., & Saleh, Moh. (2023). Auction of the Executed Collateral Object Under Fiduciary Guarantee. Santhet (Jurnal Sejarah Pendidikan Dan Humaniora), 8(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.36526/santhet.v8i1.3189
Lestari, D. (2023). Kriminalisasi praktik eksekusi sepihak oleh leasing. Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi, 13(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhe.v13i2.2023
Maharani, S. (2022). Pelanggaran prosedur eksekusi pada lembaga pembiayaan. Jurnal Hukum Perbankan, 10(2), 112–129.
Mahardika, R. (2023). Corporate criminal liability dalam praktek perbankan Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Korporasi, 4(1), 33–51.
Mahkamah Konstitusi. (2019). Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 tentang pelarangan eksekusi fidusia secara sepihak. https://www.mahkamahkonstitusi.go.id
Mulyono, A. (2023). Pertumbuhan aset pembiayaan nasional 2019–2023. https://www.ojk.go.id
Muslim, S., Hadiyantina, S., Mundzir, H., & Ayub, Z. A. (2023). The Meaning of “Strength Executive" in the Constitutional Court Decision for the Execution of Fiduciary Securities. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Legality, 31(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i1.23244
Pelupessy, E. (2023). Settlement of Credit Problems in Four Wheel Motorized Vehicle Financing Agreements at PT. BCA Finance Jayapura Branch. Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies, 1(03), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i03.627
Prasetyo, A., & Wibowo, B. (2020). Analisis yuridis eksekusi jaminan fidusia. Jurnal Hukum Perdata, 12(3), 221–238.
Pribadi, R., Pasaribu, A., & Purba, D. (2024). Penyelesaian sengketa penarikan paksa objek sewa guna usaha. Jurnal Penyelesaian Sengketa, 15(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.2222/jps.v15i1.2024
Santoso, H. (2020). Pendekatan aparat penegak hukum terhadap eksekusi sepihak. Jurnal Kriminologi Praktis, 5(4), 250–267.
Sari, D. (2022). Laporan Komisi Perlindungan Konsumen tentang praktik debt collector. https://www.kpk.go.id
Sipayung, I. M., Tan, J., Marlina, K., & Kartika, L. (2019). Asas keadilan dalam perlindungan konsumen. Jurnal Hukum Konsumen, 7(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.5555/jhk.v7i1.2019
Sulistyowati, W. K. (2021). Implementation of Legal Aid to Debtors Due to Arrears in Motor Vehicle Installments Executed by Debt Collectors as Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 3(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i4.48295
Wilianita, A., Hassanah, B., & Rahim, C. (2024). Akuntabilitas elektronik judul eksekutorial dalam fidusia. Jurnal Teknologi Hukum, 6(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.7777/jth.v6i1.2024
Yusuf, M. (2023). Konstruksi konseptual kriminalisasi eksekusi sepihak. Jurnal Hukum & Sosial, 11(2), 98–115.
Published
2026-05-08
How to Cite
Andriyani Susilawati, Mustofa Kamil, Gatot Subroto, Supriadi, Anharyanto, & M Ali Akbar. (2026). Legal Analysis of Illegal Collateral Execution by Financing Business Actors in Indonesia. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 5(03), 1620-1635. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v5i03.3506
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