The Influence Of Socioeconomic Factors On Maternal Mortality In Indonesia: Empirical Evidence From Panel Data (2020–2024)
Keywords:
Maternal Mortality Rate; Socioeconomic Factors; Panel Data; Fixed Effect Model; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Abstract
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) remains one of the major public health challenges in Indonesia and serves as an important indicator of health development and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3. Socioeconomic disparities across provinces continue to influence maternal health outcomes, highlighting the need for empirical evidence to support effective policy formulation. This study examines the effects of education, income, access to health facilities, skilled birth attendance, sanitation, and the interaction between health facility access and skilled birth attendance on maternal mortality in Indonesia during the period 2020–2024. The study employs provincial panel data from 34 provinces obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Ministry of Health and analyzes the data using a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) estimated through Panel Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) with Cross-section Weights. The findings reveal that education and income significantly contribute to reducing maternal mortality, whereas access to health facilities and sanitation show positive significant effects. Skilled birth attendance and its interaction with health facility access do not have a statistically significant influence on maternal mortality. These findings emphasize that reducing maternal mortality requires not only expanding health infrastructure but also improving the quality and effectiveness of health services while strengthening education and socioeconomic welfare to support sustainable health development in Indonesia.
Keywords: Maternal Mortality Rate; Socioeconomic Factors; Panel Data; Fixed Effect Model; Sustainable Development Goals
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[3] Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications.
[4] Babalola, S., & Fatusi, A. (2009). Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria—Looking beyond individual and household factors.
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9, 43.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Indeks pembangunan manusia 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.
[6] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Statistik kesehatan Indonesia 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.
[7] Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric analysis of panel data (6th ed.). Springer.
[8] Banke-Thomas, O. E., Banke-Thomas, A. O., & Ameh, C. A. (2017). Factors influencing utilisation of maternal health services by adolescent mothers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, Article 65.
[9] Bappenas. (2018). Local government initiatives in efforts to reduce regional disparities and regional development. Jakarta, Indonesia.
[10] Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Columbia University Press.
[11] Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
[12] Benova, L., Cumming, O., & Campbell, O. M. R. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Association between water and sanitation environment and maternal mortality. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(4), 368–387.
[13] Bbaale, E. (2011). Factors influencing timing and frequency of antenatal care in Uganda. Australasian Medical Journal, 4(8), 431–438.
[14] Campbell, O. M. R., & Graham, W. J. (2006). Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: Getting on with what works. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1284–1299.
[15] Dingle, A., Powell-Jackson, T., & Goodman, C. (2013). A decade of improvements in equity of access to reproductive and maternal health services in Cambodia, 2000–2010. International Journal for Equity in Health, 12, 51.
[16] Gabrysch, S., & Campbell, O. M. R. (2009). Still too far to walk: Literature review of the determinants of delivery service use. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9, 34.
[17] Graham, W., Bell, J. S., & Bullough, C. H. W. (2004). Can skilled attendance at delivery reduce maternal mortality in developing countries?
Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy, 17, 97–129.
[18] Greenaway, E. S., Leon, J., & Baker, D. P. (2012). Understanding the association between maternal education and use of health services in Ghana: Exploring the role of health knowledge. Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(6), 733–747.
[19] Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255.
[20] Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
[21] Islam, M. A., & Barna, S. D. (2020). Concise title: Maternal health service utilization. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(4), 1236–1241.
[22] Karlsen, S., Say, L., Souza, J. P., Hogue, C. J. R., Calles, D. L., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Raine, R. (2011). The relationship between maternal education and mortality among women giving birth in health care institutions: Analysis of the cross-sectional WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health. BMC Public Health, 11, 606.
[23] Kebede, A., Hassen, K., & Nigussie, T. A. (2016). Factors associated with institutional delivery service utilization in Ethiopia. International Journal of Women’s Health, 8, 463–475.
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[28] Mosley, W. H., & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 10, 25–45.
[29] Osei, C. K., Nketiah-Amponsah, E., & Lambon-Quayefio, M. P. (2021). Household wealth and maternal health: Evidence from Ghana.
International Journal of Social Economics, 48(1), 63–83.
[30] Paul, P., & Chouhan, P. (2020). Socio-demographic factors influencing utilization of maternal health care services in India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(3), 666–670.
[31] Peters, D. H., Garg, A., Bloom, G., et al. (2008). Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136(1), 161–171.
[32] Prasetyo, B., & Harsanti, T. (2022). Determinants of maternal health service utilization in Indonesia: Evidence from socioeconomic and demographic factors. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(3), 227–236.
[33] Prithutam, B. (2019). Factors associated with use of maternal health services in Nepal: Analysis of the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 17(3), 301–307.
[34] Probandari, A., Arcita, A., Kothijah, K., et al. (2017). Barriers to utilization of postnatal care at village level in Klaten District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. BMC Health Services Research, 17, 541.
[35] Prüss -Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Cumming, O., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P. R., Medlicott, K., & Johnston, R. (2019). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 222(5), 765–777.
[36] Sukirman, R., Wahyono, T. Y. M., & Shivalli, S. (2020). Determinants of healthcare facility utilization for childbirth in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia 2017. BMC Public Health, 20, 933.
[37] Titaley, C. R., Dibley, M. J., & Roberts, C. L. (2010). Factors associated with non-utilisation of postnatal care services in Indonesia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(10), 827–831.
[38] Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2020). Economic development (13th ed.). Pearson.
[39] United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations.
[40] Victora, C. G., Requejo, J. H., Barros, A. J. D., Berman, P., Bhutta, Z., Boerma, T., et al. (2018). Countdown to 2030 for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition. The Lancet, 391(10129), 1538–1548.
[41] Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
[42] World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization.
[43] World Health Organization. (2019). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. World Health Organization.
[44] World Health Organization. (2023). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division. World Health Organization.
[45] World Health Organization. (2024). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2023: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division. World Health Organization.
[46] World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund. (2023). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: Special focus on gender. WHO & UNICEF.
Published
2026-07-25
How to Cite
Apriliani, N., & Ida Budiarty. (2026). The Influence Of Socioeconomic Factors On Maternal Mortality In Indonesia: Empirical Evidence From Panel Data (2020–2024). International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 5(04), 5549-5566. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v5i04.5518
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