Determinants Of Energy Poverty In West Sumatra

Hanifah Hanifah; Novya Zulva Riani

doi:10.63922/ijebir.v5i05.6263

Hanifah Hanifah Development Economics Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Padang State University, Indonesia
Novya Zulva Riani Development Economics Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Padang State University, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v5i05.6263

Keywords: Energy Poverty, MEPI, Probit Model, Household, West Sumatra

Abstract

Energy poverty remains one of the development challenges faced by various regions in Indonesia, including West Sumatra Province. Although access to electricity has continued to improve, some households still face difficulties in obtaining and adequately using modern energy services. This study aims to examine how household characteristics, regional characteristics, and economic conditions affect energy poverty among households in West Sumatra Province. This study employs a quantitative approach using data from the 2020 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). Energy poverty is measured using the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), while the factors influencing energy poverty are analyzed using a probit regression model. The findings indicate that household characteristics, residential location, and economic conditions significantly affect the likelihood of households experiencing energy poverty. Households headed by individuals with higher levels of education, those living in urban areas, and those with higher household expenditures are less likely to experience energy poverty. In contrast, households with a larger number of members are more likely to experience energy poverty. These findings indicate that reducing energy poverty requires more than simply improving access to modern energy services. It also requires improvements in human capital, more equitable regional development, and stronger household economic conditions. Therefore, policies addressing energy poverty should adopt a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to ensure more effective and targeted interventions.

References

R. dkk. (2026). Household energy poverty amidst large-scale electrification: Impacts of grid reliability and off-grid solar technologies. Energy Policy, 208(September 2025), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114914
Al, D., Foley, A., Lowans, C., Furszyfer, D., & Rio, D. (2024). Energy poverty assessment : Indicators and implications for developing and developed countries. Energy Conversion and Management, 307(March), 118324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118324
Arimi, S., & Mahdani, S. (2025). Peningkatan Literasi Kemiskinan Energi dan Efisiensi Pengeluaran Rumah Tangga Miskin : Pengabdian di Desa Alue Waki Kecamatan Darul Makmur Kabupaten Nagan Raya. 1(2), 537–544.
Azhary, P. A., & Irfan, M. (2025). Analisis Kemiskinan Energi Pada Tingkat Provinsi Tahun 2015-2023 di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 7(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v7i1.17262
Gan, H., Lin, C., Zhou, Y., & Zhuo, Z. (2025). Adult children ’ s education and elderly parents ’ energy poverty : Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 202(March), 114604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114604
Hartono, D. (2024). Energy Poverty and Subjective Wellbeing : Empirical Analysis in Indonesia. 21(December 2023), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v21i2.22576
Kekere, I., Yusuf, A. M., & Salihu, M. (2022). Impact of energy poverty on education inequality and infant mortality in some selected African countries. Energy Nexus, 5(September 2021), 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100034
Lowans, C., Foley, A., Furszyfer, D., Rio, D., & Sovacool, K. (2023). Towards more equitable energy transitions in low-income households : An integrated analysis of energy and transport poverty in Northern Ireland. Energy Conversion and Management, 291(July), 117337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117337
Mahmood, T., Khan, A., & Akram, M. (2026). Multidimensional energy poverty in Pakistan : Determinants and spatial patterns at the provincial and district levels. Energy Strategy Reviews, 64(February), 102127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2026.102127
Nepal, R., Dong, J., Zhao, J., & Jamasb, T. (2025). Addressing energy poverty through education: How does gender matter? (Please publish this article in the January, 2025 issue). Energy Economics, 141(November 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108029
Ng, J. N., Sambo, C. G., Asiseh, F., Prah, S., Quaicoe, O., & Takumah, W. (2026). Firewood , charcoal or electricity ? Gender gaps in cooking , heating , and lighting energy use in Zambia. Energy Policy, 210(June 2025), 115053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.115053
Nur, R., Hartono, D., Dartanto, T., & Gultom, Y. M. L. (2024). Heliyon Multidimensional energy poverty : A study of its measurement , decomposition , and determinants in Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(3), e24135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24135
Nur, R., Hartono, D., Dartanto, T., & Ml, Y. (2024). Heliyon dekomposisi , dan determinannya di Indonesia. 10(64), 8–10.
Piwowar, A. (2025). Electrical energy costs and size and structure of farming households . Study from Poland. Energy Policy, 202(March), 114617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114617
Rama, A., Putri, P. S., & Mynbayeva, E. (2025). Multidimensional Poverty in Indonesia : The Role of Economic , Social , Educational , and Political Factors. 24(2), 623–634.
Saputri, N. K., Setyonugroho, L. D., & Hartono, D. (2019). Exploring the determinants of energy poverty in Indonesia’s households: empirical evidence from the 2015–2019 SUSENAS. 2024, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02514-z
Sothea Oum. (2019). Energy poverty in the Lao PDR and its impacts on education aOum, Sotheand health. Energy Policy, 132(2019), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.030
Tri, A., Hartono, D., Sutopo, D., & Rusmawati, E. (2023). World Development Sustainability Financial inclusion ’ s impact on energy poverty : Evidence from Indonesia. World Development Sustainability, 3(October 2022), 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100113
Umair, M., Aizhan, A., Teymurova, V., & Chang, L. (2024). Does the disparity between rural and urban incomes affect rural energy poverty ? Energy Strategy Reviews, 56(June), 101584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101584
White, L. V, Sikandar, M., Chaudary, A., & Kahn, K. (2026). Energy Research & Social Science Same name , different indicator : A systematic review of how energy poverty is measured when viewed through a wellbeing lens. Energy Research & Social Science, 133(August 2025), 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2026.104583
Widyastuti, A. T. (2023). Keberlanjutan Pembangunan Dunia Dampak inklusi keuangan terhadap kemiskinan energi : Bukti dari Indonesia. 3(November).
Yaqin, M., Mu, M. S., & Wardhono, A. (2023). Harga Energi dan Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia. 12(3), 221–236.
Zulkifli, F., Abidin, R. Z., Zulkifli, F., & Abidin, R. Z. (2023). The Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty : A Review of Contemporary Research The Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty : A Review of Contemporary Research. 12(2), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v12-i2/17260