Effects of ESG Disclosure, Transfer Pricing, and Financial Distress on Tax Avoidance with Earnings Management as a Moderating Variable
Keywords:
ESG disclosure, transfer pricing, financial distress, earnings management, tax avoidance
Abstract
This study examines the effects of ESG Disclosure, Transfer Pricing, and Financial Distress on Tax Avoidance and investigates the moderating role of Earnings Management. The population comprises Energy, Consumer Staples, and Property and Real Estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2023–2025. Using purposive sampling, 163 companies were selected, yielding 489 balanced-panel observations. Tax Avoidance is measured by the Cash Effective Tax Rate, ESG Disclosure by the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Index based on the Global Reporting Initiative, Transfer Pricing by the ratio of related-party sales to total sales, Financial Distress by the Modified Altman Z′′-Score, and Earnings Management by the absolute value of Discretionary Accruals estimated using the Modified Jones Model. The analysis employs Moderated Regression Analysis with a Random Effects Model. The results indicate that ESG Disclosure significantly reduces Tax Avoidance, whereas Transfer Pricing and Financial Distress have no significant direct effects. Earnings Management does not moderate the effect of ESG Disclosure but strengthens the effects of Transfer Pricing and Financial Distress. Marginal effect analysis shows thresholds of 10.73% for Transfer Pricing and 12.30% for Financial Distress. These findings position Earnings Management as an enabling condition and support a reconstruction of the Pseudo-Compliance Hypothesis, with implications for risk-based tax monitoring.
References
Agyei, J., Sun, S., & Abrokwah, E. (2020). Trade-Off Theory Versus Pecking Order Theory: Ghanaian Evidence. SAGE Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020940987
Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2024). Agency theory, corporate governance and corruption: an integrative literature review approach. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2337893
Alomair, M., & Metwally, A. B. M. (2025). Does ESG Disclosure Matter for the Tax Avoidance–Firm Value Relationship? Evidence from an Emerging Market. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093836
Amidu, M., Coffie, W., & Acquah, P. (2019). Transfer pricing, earnings management and tax avoidance of firms in Ghana. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2017-0091
Ariff, A., Wan Ismail, W. A., Kamarudin, K. A., & Mohd Suffian, M. T. (2023). Financial distress and tax avoidance: the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-10-2022-0347
Aydoğmuş, M., Gülay, G., & Ergun, K. (2022). Impact of ESG performance on firm value and profitability. In Borsa Istanbul Review (Vol. 22). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006
Chen, X., Li, M., Nduakoh, D., & Yau, L. N. B. (2025). Mandatory disclosure of key audit matters and the choice of earnings management. Accounting and Finance, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13331
Christy, L., Julianetta, V., Excel, A., Tantya, F., Kristiana, S., & Salsalina, I. (2022). Pengaruh Transfer Pricing dan Profitabilitas terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Perusahaan Publik Sektor Pertambangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Teknologi (AMBITEK), 2(1). https://doi.org/10.56870/ambitek.v2i1.37
Dang, V. C., & Tran, X. H. (2021). The impact of financial distress on tax avoidance: An empirical analysis of the Vietnamese listed companies. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1953678
Darmayasa, I. N., & Hardika, N. S. (2024). Core tax administration system: the power and trust dimensions of slippery slope framework tax compliance model. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2337358
Du, M., Chen, Y., & Liu, S. (2026). The impact mechanism of ESG ratings on firm value: An empirical study based on the multi-period difference-in-differences approach. Sustainable Futures, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101564
Ekawati, E. (2025). THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ESG RESPONSIBILITY, EARNINGS MANAGEMENT, AND TAX AGGRESSIVENESS: EVIDENCE OF THE HALO EFFECT FROM INDONESIA. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v40i1.10099
El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kim, Y., & Yoon, H. J. (2026). Tax avoidance and ESG disclosure mandates: international evidence. Journal of International Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-026-00846-x
Fadhila, N., & Andayani, S. (2022). Pengaruh Financial Distress, Profitabilitas, dan Leverage terhadap Tax Avoidance. Owner, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i4.1211
Feng, Z., & Wu, Z. (2023). ESG Disclosure, REIT Debt Financing and Firm Value. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 67(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-021-09857-x
Ferdiawan, Y., & Firmansyah, A. (2017). Pengaruh Political Connection, Foreign Activity, Dan, Real Earnings Management Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.17509/jrak.v5i3.9223
Frankel, R., Kothari, S. P., & Raghunandan, A. (2025). The economics of ESG disclosure regulation. Review of Accounting Studies, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-025-09900-9
Freeman, R. E., Dmytriyev, S. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2021). Stakeholder Theory and the Resource-Based View of the Firm. Journal of Management, 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321993576
Hasfi, M. H. Al. (2024). Beyond Sustainability: The ESG Performance Relationship on Earnings Management and Tax Avoidance. Twist, 5(2)(107).
Heriyah, N. (2024). Manajemen Laba dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Sektor Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2017-2021. Jurnal Ilmiah Raflesia Akuntansi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.53494/jira.v10i1.403
Kalbuana, N., Taqi, M., Uzliawati, L., & Ramdhani, D. (2023). CEO narcissism, corporate governance, financial distress, and company size on corporate tax avoidance. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2167550
Kalsum, U., Safitri, R. H., Mukhtaruddin, M., & Novelia, R. (2025). Factors Affecting Transfer Pricing. Owner, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v9i2.2653
Karunia, R. L., Samuels, A. M., Prasetiawan, S., Adhitia, S., Malaihollo, C. A., Hartono, D., Syakyakirti, S., Prasetyo, C. W., & Harerio, S. (2026). Reforming tax policies: foreign ownership and transfer pricing strategies. Cogent Business and Management, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2597710
Kasbar, M. S. H., Tsitsianis, N., Triantafylli, A., & Haslam, C. (2023). An empirical evaluation of the impact of agency conflicts on the association between corporate governance and firm financial performance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-09-2021-0247
Liyanto, J., & Purnomolastu, N. (2026). Pengaruh Shadow Economy terhadap Tax Ratio di Indonesia. AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Ekonomi & Bisnis, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37481/jmeb.v6i1.1656
Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114104
Menicacci, L., & Simoni, L. (2024). Negative media coverage of ESG issues and corporate tax avoidance. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-01-2023-0024
Nadhifah, M., & Arif, A. (2020). Transfer Pricing, Thin Capitalization, Financial Distress, Earning Management, dan Capital Intensity Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dimoderasi oleh Sales Growth. Jurnal Magister Akuntansi Trisakti, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.25105/jmat.v7i2.7731
Nguyen, Q., Kim, M. H., & Ali, S. (2024). Corporate governance and earnings management: Evidence from Vietnamese listed firms. International Review of Economics and Finance, 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2023.07.084
Paulus, H. (2025). The effect of transfer pricing, earnings management, and company size on tax avoidance: managerial ownership analysis. Journal of Contemporary Accounting. https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol7.iss2.art1
Pavlou, C., Persakis, A., & Kolias, G. (2025). The Impact of Board Characteristics on Tax Avoidance: Do Industry Regulations Matter? Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18060287
Permani, Y., Setiono, H., & Isnaini, N. F. (2023). Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance, Transfer Pricing, Earnings Management Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Profitability Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Rimba : Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 1(3).
Pratiwimba, P. D., & Tjaraka, H. (2026). ESG Disclosure and Tax Avoidance The Mediating Role of Financial Constraints. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 36(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2026.v36.i05.p01
Qiao, L., Adegbite, E., & Nguyen, T. H. (2025). Chief financial officer overconfidence and earnings management. Accounting Forum, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2023.2196045
Richardson, G., Lanis, R., & Taylor, G. (2015). Financial distress, outside directors and corporate tax aggressiveness spanning the global financial crisis: An empirical analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.11.013
Rini, R. K., Adhariani, D., & Sari, D. (2024). Environmental costs, environmental disclosure, and tax avoidance: evidence from mining and energy companies in Indonesia and Australia. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-01-2022-0017
Rogers, H., & Oats, L. (2022). Transfer pricing: changing views in changing times. Accounting Forum, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2021.1926778
Safira, D. M., & Setiyawati, H. (2025). Tax avoidance determinants and earnings management in Indonesian consumer companies. Journal of Contemporary Accounting. https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol6.iss3.art4
Sari, A. K., Safitri, I. W. E., & Violita, C. E. (2026). Business Life Cycle Dynamics and Digital Finance Strategy Netflix’s Impact on Consumer Behavior Changes During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i1.151
Sharapova, K. J., & Ferinia, R. (2026). Literature Review on Models of Business Environment Dynamics in the Digital Context. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i1.81
Sianturi, I., & Sanulika, A. (2023). Pengaruh Transfer Pricing dan Financial Distress Terhadap Tax Avoidance dengan Leverage Sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ 45 Yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2017-2021). AKUA: Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 2(3).
Simanjuntak, E. P., & Suranta, E. (2024). Pengaruh Financial Distress Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak : Covid 19 Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(1). https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i1.3648
Tahar, A., & Bandi, B. (2024). Determinants of enforced and voluntary tax compliance: Adopting slippery slope framework. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v25i2.20886
Tarigan, S. M., Anjani, I. D., & Tallane, Y. Y. (2023). Studi Literatur: Analisis Transfer Pricing Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan Multinasional. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Perpajakan Dan Tata Kelola Perusahaan, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59407/jakpt.v1i2.241
Voutsinas, K., & Werner, R. A. (2025). Trade-off theory vs. the pecking order hypothesis: Japanese evidence on capital structure under financial constraints. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2025.06.004
Wijaya, S., & Hidayat, H. (2022). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Dan Transfer Pricing Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak. Bina Ekonomi, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.26593/be.v25i2.5331.61-79
Yanti, M. A., Syifa, N., & Violita, C. E. (2026). The Role of Big Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Corporate Financial Decision-Making Strategies. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i2.152
Yulianty, R., & Sumanti, E. (2025). Pengaruh Financial Distress Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Pada Perusahaan Transportasi Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Selama Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v6i2.1899
Zhang, Z., Zhang, B., You, J., Wang, N., & Xu, X. (2026). Is more ESG disclosure always better? New evidence from ESG disclosure quantity and firm value. International Review of Economics and Finance, 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105318
Zhao, Q., & Wang, W. (2025). Tax digitization and earnings management. International Review of Economics and Finance, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104077
Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2024). Agency theory, corporate governance and corruption: an integrative literature review approach. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2337893
Alomair, M., & Metwally, A. B. M. (2025). Does ESG Disclosure Matter for the Tax Avoidance–Firm Value Relationship? Evidence from an Emerging Market. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093836
Amidu, M., Coffie, W., & Acquah, P. (2019). Transfer pricing, earnings management and tax avoidance of firms in Ghana. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2017-0091
Ariff, A., Wan Ismail, W. A., Kamarudin, K. A., & Mohd Suffian, M. T. (2023). Financial distress and tax avoidance: the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-10-2022-0347
Aydoğmuş, M., Gülay, G., & Ergun, K. (2022). Impact of ESG performance on firm value and profitability. In Borsa Istanbul Review (Vol. 22). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006
Chen, X., Li, M., Nduakoh, D., & Yau, L. N. B. (2025). Mandatory disclosure of key audit matters and the choice of earnings management. Accounting and Finance, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13331
Christy, L., Julianetta, V., Excel, A., Tantya, F., Kristiana, S., & Salsalina, I. (2022). Pengaruh Transfer Pricing dan Profitabilitas terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Perusahaan Publik Sektor Pertambangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Teknologi (AMBITEK), 2(1). https://doi.org/10.56870/ambitek.v2i1.37
Dang, V. C., & Tran, X. H. (2021). The impact of financial distress on tax avoidance: An empirical analysis of the Vietnamese listed companies. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1953678
Darmayasa, I. N., & Hardika, N. S. (2024). Core tax administration system: the power and trust dimensions of slippery slope framework tax compliance model. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2337358
Du, M., Chen, Y., & Liu, S. (2026). The impact mechanism of ESG ratings on firm value: An empirical study based on the multi-period difference-in-differences approach. Sustainable Futures, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101564
Ekawati, E. (2025). THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ESG RESPONSIBILITY, EARNINGS MANAGEMENT, AND TAX AGGRESSIVENESS: EVIDENCE OF THE HALO EFFECT FROM INDONESIA. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v40i1.10099
El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kim, Y., & Yoon, H. J. (2026). Tax avoidance and ESG disclosure mandates: international evidence. Journal of International Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-026-00846-x
Fadhila, N., & Andayani, S. (2022). Pengaruh Financial Distress, Profitabilitas, dan Leverage terhadap Tax Avoidance. Owner, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i4.1211
Feng, Z., & Wu, Z. (2023). ESG Disclosure, REIT Debt Financing and Firm Value. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 67(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-021-09857-x
Ferdiawan, Y., & Firmansyah, A. (2017). Pengaruh Political Connection, Foreign Activity, Dan, Real Earnings Management Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.17509/jrak.v5i3.9223
Frankel, R., Kothari, S. P., & Raghunandan, A. (2025). The economics of ESG disclosure regulation. Review of Accounting Studies, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-025-09900-9
Freeman, R. E., Dmytriyev, S. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2021). Stakeholder Theory and the Resource-Based View of the Firm. Journal of Management, 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321993576
Hasfi, M. H. Al. (2024). Beyond Sustainability: The ESG Performance Relationship on Earnings Management and Tax Avoidance. Twist, 5(2)(107).
Heriyah, N. (2024). Manajemen Laba dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Sektor Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2017-2021. Jurnal Ilmiah Raflesia Akuntansi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.53494/jira.v10i1.403
Kalbuana, N., Taqi, M., Uzliawati, L., & Ramdhani, D. (2023). CEO narcissism, corporate governance, financial distress, and company size on corporate tax avoidance. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2167550
Kalsum, U., Safitri, R. H., Mukhtaruddin, M., & Novelia, R. (2025). Factors Affecting Transfer Pricing. Owner, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v9i2.2653
Karunia, R. L., Samuels, A. M., Prasetiawan, S., Adhitia, S., Malaihollo, C. A., Hartono, D., Syakyakirti, S., Prasetyo, C. W., & Harerio, S. (2026). Reforming tax policies: foreign ownership and transfer pricing strategies. Cogent Business and Management, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2597710
Kasbar, M. S. H., Tsitsianis, N., Triantafylli, A., & Haslam, C. (2023). An empirical evaluation of the impact of agency conflicts on the association between corporate governance and firm financial performance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-09-2021-0247
Liyanto, J., & Purnomolastu, N. (2026). Pengaruh Shadow Economy terhadap Tax Ratio di Indonesia. AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Ekonomi & Bisnis, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37481/jmeb.v6i1.1656
Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114104
Menicacci, L., & Simoni, L. (2024). Negative media coverage of ESG issues and corporate tax avoidance. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-01-2023-0024
Nadhifah, M., & Arif, A. (2020). Transfer Pricing, Thin Capitalization, Financial Distress, Earning Management, dan Capital Intensity Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dimoderasi oleh Sales Growth. Jurnal Magister Akuntansi Trisakti, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.25105/jmat.v7i2.7731
Nguyen, Q., Kim, M. H., & Ali, S. (2024). Corporate governance and earnings management: Evidence from Vietnamese listed firms. International Review of Economics and Finance, 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2023.07.084
Paulus, H. (2025). The effect of transfer pricing, earnings management, and company size on tax avoidance: managerial ownership analysis. Journal of Contemporary Accounting. https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol7.iss2.art1
Pavlou, C., Persakis, A., & Kolias, G. (2025). The Impact of Board Characteristics on Tax Avoidance: Do Industry Regulations Matter? Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18060287
Permani, Y., Setiono, H., & Isnaini, N. F. (2023). Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance, Transfer Pricing, Earnings Management Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Profitability Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Rimba : Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 1(3).
Pratiwimba, P. D., & Tjaraka, H. (2026). ESG Disclosure and Tax Avoidance The Mediating Role of Financial Constraints. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 36(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2026.v36.i05.p01
Qiao, L., Adegbite, E., & Nguyen, T. H. (2025). Chief financial officer overconfidence and earnings management. Accounting Forum, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2023.2196045
Richardson, G., Lanis, R., & Taylor, G. (2015). Financial distress, outside directors and corporate tax aggressiveness spanning the global financial crisis: An empirical analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.11.013
Rini, R. K., Adhariani, D., & Sari, D. (2024). Environmental costs, environmental disclosure, and tax avoidance: evidence from mining and energy companies in Indonesia and Australia. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-01-2022-0017
Rogers, H., & Oats, L. (2022). Transfer pricing: changing views in changing times. Accounting Forum, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2021.1926778
Safira, D. M., & Setiyawati, H. (2025). Tax avoidance determinants and earnings management in Indonesian consumer companies. Journal of Contemporary Accounting. https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol6.iss3.art4
Sari, A. K., Safitri, I. W. E., & Violita, C. E. (2026). Business Life Cycle Dynamics and Digital Finance Strategy Netflix’s Impact on Consumer Behavior Changes During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i1.151
Sharapova, K. J., & Ferinia, R. (2026). Literature Review on Models of Business Environment Dynamics in the Digital Context. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i1.81
Sianturi, I., & Sanulika, A. (2023). Pengaruh Transfer Pricing dan Financial Distress Terhadap Tax Avoidance dengan Leverage Sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ 45 Yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2017-2021). AKUA: Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 2(3).
Simanjuntak, E. P., & Suranta, E. (2024). Pengaruh Financial Distress Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak : Covid 19 Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(1). https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i1.3648
Tahar, A., & Bandi, B. (2024). Determinants of enforced and voluntary tax compliance: Adopting slippery slope framework. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v25i2.20886
Tarigan, S. M., Anjani, I. D., & Tallane, Y. Y. (2023). Studi Literatur: Analisis Transfer Pricing Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan Multinasional. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Perpajakan Dan Tata Kelola Perusahaan, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59407/jakpt.v1i2.241
Voutsinas, K., & Werner, R. A. (2025). Trade-off theory vs. the pecking order hypothesis: Japanese evidence on capital structure under financial constraints. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2025.06.004
Wijaya, S., & Hidayat, H. (2022). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Dan Transfer Pricing Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak. Bina Ekonomi, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.26593/be.v25i2.5331.61-79
Yanti, M. A., Syifa, N., & Violita, C. E. (2026). The Role of Big Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Corporate Financial Decision-Making Strategies. Synergy: Journal of Business, Finance and Management, 2(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.68111/sjbfm.v2i2.152
Yulianty, R., & Sumanti, E. (2025). Pengaruh Financial Distress Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Pada Perusahaan Transportasi Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Selama Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v6i2.1899
Zhang, Z., Zhang, B., You, J., Wang, N., & Xu, X. (2026). Is more ESG disclosure always better? New evidence from ESG disclosure quantity and firm value. International Review of Economics and Finance, 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105318
Zhao, Q., & Wang, W. (2025). Tax digitization and earnings management. International Review of Economics and Finance, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104077
Published
2026-09-18
How to Cite
Yudistira, G. P., Tullah, D. S., & Iriyadi, I. (2026). Effects of ESG Disclosure, Transfer Pricing, and Financial Distress on Tax Avoidance with Earnings Management as a Moderating Variable. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 5(05), 4715-4733. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v5i05.6625
.png)
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijebir@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijebir@gmail.com
