Development Of Project-Based Teaching Modules To Improve Students' Spatial Thinking Skills In Geography Learning
Keywords:
Keywords: Teaching Module, Project-Based Learning, Remote Sensing, Spatial Thinking, Merdeka Curriculum, Geography
Abstract
This study aims to develop, validate, and evaluate the practicality and effectiveness of a Geography teaching module based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) for Remote Sensing material to enhance students' spatial thinking skills at SMAN 4 Gorontalo. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) design using the 4D development model, consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. Research subjects included students from classes X.7 and X.8, as well as Geography teachers from seven public senior high schools in Gorontalo City. Expert validation results indicate that the module is "highly feasible," receiving an average feasibility score of 94% from module experts and 91% from material experts. The practicality level is classified as very good based on classroom observations of teacher activity (97%) and student responses (92%). The module's effectiveness is demonstrated by significant improvements in learning outcomes, with N-Gain scores of 0.68 for class X.7 and 0.69 for class X.8—both categorized as moderate improvement. These findings reveal that the PjBL-based module successfully enhances spatial thinking skills, increases student engagement, and effectively supports the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. The module is recommended as an applicable and contextual learning resource for Geography teachers.
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Rahmawati, T. (2023). The Effectiveness of the Implementation of PjBL on Student Learning Independence. Journal of Educational Technology, 7(1), 78–87.
Rohmah, L. (2022). Development of Teaching Modules in the Independent Curriculum for Junior High School. Journal of Innovative Education, 9(1), 45–52.
Rahmawati, I., & Sari, D. (2022). The application of the project-based learning model to improve the critical thinking skills of Geography students. Journal of Geography and Learning, 9(2), 78–90.
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Arifin, Z., & Suyatno. (2021). Design and Development of Innovative Learning Tools. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Astuti, D., & Fitria, H. (2022). Application of Project-Based Learning in the Independent Curriculum. Journal of Education and Technology, 6(1), 45–53.
Astuti, L. P. (2022). The Role of PjBL in Increasing Collaboration and Creativity of High School Students. Journal of Interactive Education, 6(3), 33–40.
Bell, S. (2022). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House, 95(4), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2022.2143550
BSKAP. (2022). Guidelines for the preparation of teaching modules for the Independent Curriculum. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Daryanto. (2020). Innovative Learning Models. Yogyakarta: Gava Media.
Dewi, S. A. (2022). Project-Based Learning Innovation to Enhance 21st Century Skills. Journal of Education, 23(2), 101–110.
Facione, P. A. (2020). Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts (2020 Edition). Insight Assessment.
Fadilah, N. (2021). The Importance of Spatial Thinking Skills in Geography Education. Indonesian Journal of Geography Education, 9(2), 112–120.
Fatimah, N. (2023). The Effect of Project-Based Learning on Learning Outcomes and Social Skills. Journal of Educational Evaluation, 5(1), 15–24.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2021). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2020). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education.
Hamidah, N. (2021). Analysis of Students' Roles in Project-Based Learning. Journal of Education and Technology, 5(2), 89–97.
Hapsari, R. (2021). Spatial Thinking in Geography Education: Strategy and Implementation. Journal of Geography Education Studies, 8(1), 45–52.
Handayani, R. (2022). Implementation of PjBL in Improving the Critical Thinking Skills of High School Students. Journal of Contextual Education, 4(2), 77–85.
Hidayati, N., & Wahyuni, S. (2022). Product Validation in 4D Development Model on Interactive Learning Media. Journal of Educational Technology, 24(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v24i1.23341
Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2023). Problem-based and project-based learning: A framework for integrating inquiry and design. Educational Psychologist, 58(1), 1–18.
Irmaliya Izzah Salsabilla, Erisya Jannah, & Juanda. (2023). Analysis of Independent Curriculum-Based Teaching Modules. Indonesian Journal of Literacy and Learning.
Iskandar, R., & Nugroho, D. (2022). Implementation of 4D Model in the Development of Web-Based Interactive Learning Media. Journal of Technology and Learning, 11(1), 88–97.
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2021). Guidelines for the Development of Teaching Modules. Jakarta: Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2022). Guidelines for the Implementation of Project-Based Learning in the Independent Curriculum. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2021). Learning Guide for the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
Kusumawati, E., & Wulandari, N. (2023). The effect of project-based learning on the spatial thinking ability of high school students in Geography subjects. Indonesian Journal of Geography Education, 6(1), 45–58.
Larasati, D., & Widodo, W. (2021). Project-Based Learning Model for Strengthening Pancasila Student Profiles. Journal of Educational Innovation, 10(1), 45–54.
Lestari, W., & Hamidah, I. (2023). The Utilization of Geospatial Technology to Improve Spatial Thinking of High School Students. Journal of Educational Technology, 15(1), 56–65.
Liben, L. S., & Kastens, K. A. (2021). The Role of Spatial Thinking in Geographic Education. Journal of Geography, 120(3), 110–122.
Majid, A. (2022). Learning planning: Developing teacher competency standards. Teenager Rosdakarya.
Maulida, Utami. (2022). Development of Independent Curriculum-Based Teaching Modules.
Maulida, R., & Astuti, Y. (2022). Implementation of 4D Model in the Development of Interactive E-Modules to Improve Student Learning Outcomes. Journal of Educational Technology, 24(1), 22–30.
Mulyasa, E. (2022). Become a Professional Teacher. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Munir. (2021). Digital Learning. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Mustofa, M. (2022). Implementation of Project Based Learning Model in Improving Critical Thinking Skills. Journal of Progressive Education, 12(1), 45–53.
Nurhadi. (2021). Independent Curriculum Learning Design. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Nurhadi, D., & Kartowagiran, B. (2023). Process Evaluation in Project-Based Learning in Elementary Schools. Journal of Educational Evaluation, 14(1), 23–32.
Nurhadi. (2023). The effectiveness of project-based teaching modules in learning topographic maps. Journal of Educational Innovation, 8(3), 101–110.
Nurhayati, S., Rahman, H., & Prasetyo, Y. (2023). Validation of 4D Model-Based Development Products: A Study on Junior High School Science Learning Media. Journal of Educational and Technology Innovation, 5(1), 45–52.
Permendikbudristek No. 16 of 2022 concerning Process Standards.
Pradana, A. (2022). Indicators of Spatial Thinking in Project-Based Geography Learning. Journal of Education and Learning Studies, 8(2), 67–76.
Prasetyo, B., & Sari, M. (2021). Teachers' Strategies in the Implementation of PBL in the Era of the Independent Curriculum. Journal of Learning Innovation, 8(2), 120–130.
Prasetyo, H., & Arifin, R. (2023). Analysis of the Effectiveness of 4D Development Models on Project-Based Learning. Journal of Education and Teaching, 9(1), 45–53.
Prastowo, A. (2021). Creative Guide to Making Innovative Teaching Materials. Yogyakarta: Diva Press.
Putri, A. Y., & Sari, D. K. (2021). Spatial Thinking in Solving Environmental Problems in Geography Learning. Journal of Social Education, 10(3), 45–52.
Putri, R. A. (2022). Teachers' Obstacles in the Implementation of PjBL in Elementary Schools. Journal of Basic Education Innovation, 8(3), 67–75.
Rahayu, D. (2021). Geography Literacy and Spatial Thinking: Linkages in the Context of 21st Century Learning. Journal of Educational Geography, 6(1), 33–41.
Rahmawati, D., & Hasan, M. (2021). Stages of 4D Models in Interactive E-Module Development. Journal of Education and Teaching, 54(3), 213–221.
Rahmawati, E. (2023). Evaluation of Student Performance in PjBL Using Assessment Rubric. Journal of Educational Evaluation, 12(1), 101–110.
Rahmawati, T. (2023). The Effectiveness of the Implementation of PjBL on Student Learning Independence. Journal of Educational Technology, 7(1), 78–87.
Rohmah, L. (2022). Development of Teaching Modules in the Independent Curriculum for Junior High School. Journal of Innovative Education, 9(1), 45–52.
Rahmawati, I., & Sari, D. (2022). The application of the project-based learning model to improve the critical thinking skills of Geography students. Journal of Geography and Learning, 9(2), 78–90.
Rafiq, M., & Hasan, N. (2021). Spatial thinking in geography education: A review. International Journal of Geography Education, 12(2), 25–34.
Published
2025-12-23
How to Cite
Endang Sutiah, Sunarty Suli Eraku, & Nurfaika. (2025). Development Of Project-Based Teaching Modules To Improve Students’ Spatial Thinking Skills In Geography Learning. International Journal of Technology and Education Research, 3(04), 963-982. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijeter.v3i04.2627
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