Analysis Of The Effect Of Internal Locus Of Control And Need For Achievement On Entrepreneurial Intention Through Entrepreneurial Attitude In Vocational High School Students
Keywords:
internal locus of control, need for achievement, entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial intention, vocational high school students
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of internal locus of control and need for achievement on entrepreneurial intention with entrepreneurial attitude as a mediating variable among vocational high school (SMK) students. The background of this study stems from the need to strengthen students' psychological factors in an effort to foster entrepreneurial spirit and prepare SMK graduates to be able to create business opportunities independently. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory design. The population consists of 210 students in the 12th grade of the Marketing Program from four SMKs in Malang City, while 131 students were sampled using proportional random sampling. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire that had undergone validity and reliability tests. Data analysis was performed using path analysis with LISREL 8.8 to identify the direct and indirect effects between variables. The results showed that internal locus of control had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial attitudes. Similarly, the need for achievement was found to have a positive and significant effect on increasing students' entrepreneurial attitudes. Both variables also had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial attitude was found to have a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention and to act as a partial mediator in the relationship between internal locus of control and need for achievement with entrepreneurial intention. These findings indicate that psychological factors and individual attitudes play an important role in encouraging entrepreneurial intentions among vocational high school students. Therefore, strengthening entrepreneurship education needs to focus on developing students' character, motivation to achieve, and self-confidence to dare to start a business
References
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Ananda, L., & Noviani, L. (2024). Locus of control and need for achievement as predictors of entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 12(3), 340–348.
Asmara, H. W., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016). The effect of need for achievement and risk taking propensity on entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial attitude. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(6), 117–126.*
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Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Rejón-Guardia, F. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students: The role of personality traits. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(1), 123–145.
Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Rejón-Guardia, F. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students: The role of personality traits. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(1), 123–145.
Birdthistle, N. (2008). An examination of tertiary students’ desire to found an enterprise. Education and Training, 50(7), 552–567.*
Budiarto, R., & Pramudita, S. (2022). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. Journal of Technical Education, 35(2), 112–130.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dinis, A., Paço, A., Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2013). Psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions among secondary students. Education and Training, 55(8–9), 763–780.*
Elali, W., & Al-Yacoub, B. (2016). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among Kuwaitis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 18–34.*
Fauzi, A., & Amalia, R. (2021). Entrepreneurial attitude as determinant of students’ entrepreneurial participation in vocational schools. Journal of Vocational Learning, 5(2), 112–124.
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Goksel, A., & Aydintan, B. (2011). Gender, business education, family background and personal traits: A multi-dimensional analysis of their effects on entrepreneurial propensity. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 35–48.*
Gurel, E., Altinay, L., & Daniele, R. (2021). Entrepreneurial intentions of vocational college students: A structural equation modeling approach. Education + Training, 63(5), 744–761.
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Hasyim, M., & Ardianti, R. (2021). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among university students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 24(4), 1–14.
Hayat, K., & Munawar, S. (2021). Reinventing locus of control in entrepreneurship. International Journal of Social Psychology, 66(3), 250–266.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using PLS-SEM. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431.
Hermawan, A., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016). The effect of adversity quotient and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial attitude. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(5), 45–55.*
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Lestari, M., & Tjakraatmadja, J. H. (2020). Achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(3), 1–15.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2023). A systematic review on entrepreneurial intention. Small Business Economics, 61(3), 1451–1472.
Liu, S., & Wong, P. K. (2020). The role of achievement motivation in driving entrepreneurial intention among youth. Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 18(4), 321–338.
Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The making of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent. R&D Management, 33(2), 135–147.*
Martinez, C. (2021). Achievement needs and entrepreneurial behaviour in emerging economies. International Entrepreneurship Review, 7(3), 112–129.
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge University Press.
Memon, N., Khoja, F., & Bhutto, A. (2022). Personality factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among students. Management Research Review, 45(4), 567–588.
Nguyen, A., Do, T., & Le, Q. (2020). Attitude, norms, and entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 29(1), 8–30.
Nishantha, B. (2009). Influence of personality traits and socio-demographic background on motivation for entrepreneurial career: The case of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research & Extension, 12(2), 1–11.*
Obschonka, M., & Stuetzer, M. (2022). Entrepreneurship as a career choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 132, 103–118.
OECD. (2021). Entrepreneurship policy framework 2021. OECD Publishing.
Prasetyo, A., & Dewi, R. (2021). The role of entrepreneurial attitude in mediating personality traits. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 14(2), 95–108.
Putra, A., & Suryana, Y. (2022). Psychological determinants of entrepreneurial intention. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 20(1), 11–24.
Putri, D. A., & Setiawan, H. (2022). Need for achievement and its impact on students’ entrepreneurial tendencies. Economic Education Journal, 10(2), 67–78.
Rahman, K., & Chen, Y. (2022). A meta-analytic review of entrepreneurial intention models in the last five years. Journal of Business Psychology, 17(1), 55–78.
Rahmawati, D., & Andini, K. (2023). Internal locus of control and career decision-making. Educational Psychology Review, 34(2), 300–320.
Rahmawati, S., & Hadi, R. (2021). Psychological determinants of entrepreneurial mindset among vocational students. Asian Journal of Technical Education, 9(2), 45–58.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Organizational behavior. Pearson.
Santoso, H., & Rahayu, D. (2022). The challenge of entrepreneurial learning for vocational students. Vocational Education Review, 18(1), 55–68.
Saputro, W. E., Adi, B. W., & Totalia, S. A. (2023). Entrepreneurship education, need for achievement, and locus of control as predictors of entrepreneurial interest in vocational schools. OIKOS, 7(1), 11–29.
Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education and Training, 51(4), 272–291.*
Sesen, H. (2013). Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Education and Training, 55(7), 624–640.*
Setyawan, B., & Jannah, R. (2023). Locus of control and entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of entrepreneurial education. International Journal of Vocational Studies, 6(1), 1–12.
Shane, S., Locke, E., & Collins, C. (2020). Entrepreneurial motivation: A review. Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100–120.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591.*
Srimulyani, A. V. (2013). Pengaruh kecerdasan adversitas, internal locus of control, dan kematangan karir terhadap intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa bekerja. Widya Warta, 37(1), 96–110.*
Tong, Z. F., Tong, D. Y. K., & Loy, L. C. (2011). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among university students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(1), 487–496.*
Uddin, M. R., & Bose, T. K. (2012). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention of business students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 128–137.*
Urban, B., & Ratsimanetrimanana, L. (2021). The role of entrepreneurial attitude in fostering intention. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 26(4), 1–19.
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., & Audretsch, D. (2020). Twenty-five years of entrepreneurship research. Small Business Economics, 56(4), 163–178.
Utami, C., & Prasetyo, T. (2020). Entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(1), 1–10.
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2008). Psychology (9th ed.). Erlangga.
Wang, H., Li, J., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Linking personality traits to entrepreneurial intention: The mediating effect of entrepreneurial attitude. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–10.
Wijaya, T. (2008). Kajian model empiris perilaku berwirausaha UKM DIY dan Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 10(2), 93–104.
Wulandari, S. (2023). Challenges of fostering entrepreneurial mindset in vocational schools. Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia, 2(3), 77–89.
Yuniarto, T., & Asih, D. (2022). Vocational student readiness in entrepreneurship. Journal of Technical and Vocational Education, 16(2), 101–118. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Altinay, L., Madanoglu, M., De Vita, G., Arasli, H., & Ekinci, Y. (2020). The interface between organizational learning capability and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Research, 119, 83–97.
Ananda, L., & Noviani, L. (2024). Locus of control and need for achievement as predictors of entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 12(3), 340–348.
Asmara, H. W., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016). The effect of need for achievement and risk taking propensity on entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial attitude. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(6), 117–126.*
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka 2024. BPS.
Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Rejón-Guardia, F. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students: The role of personality traits. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(1), 123–145.
Barba-Sánchez, V., Mitre-Aranda, M., & Rejón-Guardia, F. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students: The role of personality traits. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(1), 123–145.
Birdthistle, N. (2008). An examination of tertiary students’ desire to found an enterprise. Education and Training, 50(7), 552–567.*
Budiarto, R., & Pramudita, S. (2022). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. Journal of Technical Education, 35(2), 112–130.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dinis, A., Paço, A., Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2013). Psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions among secondary students. Education and Training, 55(8–9), 763–780.*
Elali, W., & Al-Yacoub, B. (2016). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among Kuwaitis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 18–34.*
Fauzi, A., & Amalia, R. (2021). Entrepreneurial attitude as determinant of students’ entrepreneurial participation in vocational schools. Journal of Vocational Learning, 5(2), 112–124.
Ferreira, A. S., Loiola, E., & Gondim, S. (2020). Internal locus of control and entrepreneurial intentions. Psychology & Society, 12(4), 214–227.
Frontiers. (2025). The role of locus of control in shaping graduates’ entrepreneurial intentions: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology.
Goksel, A., & Aydintan, B. (2011). Gender, business education, family background and personal traits: A multi-dimensional analysis of their effects on entrepreneurial propensity. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 35–48.*
Gurel, E., Altinay, L., & Daniele, R. (2021). Entrepreneurial intentions of vocational college students: A structural equation modeling approach. Education + Training, 63(5), 744–761.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Halim, A., & Rasyid, M. (2022). Motivasi berprestasi dan minat wirausaha pada siswa SMK: Analisis faktor psikologis. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 12(1), 55–70.
Hasyim, M., & Ardianti, R. (2021). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among university students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 24(4), 1–14.
Hayat, K., & Munawar, S. (2021). Reinventing locus of control in entrepreneurship. International Journal of Social Psychology, 66(3), 250–266.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using PLS-SEM. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431.
Hermawan, A., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016). The effect of adversity quotient and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial attitude. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(5), 45–55.*
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Lestari, M., & Tjakraatmadja, J. H. (2020). Achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(3), 1–15.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2023). A systematic review on entrepreneurial intention. Small Business Economics, 61(3), 1451–1472.
Liu, S., & Wong, P. K. (2020). The role of achievement motivation in driving entrepreneurial intention among youth. Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 18(4), 321–338.
Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The making of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent. R&D Management, 33(2), 135–147.*
Martinez, C. (2021). Achievement needs and entrepreneurial behaviour in emerging economies. International Entrepreneurship Review, 7(3), 112–129.
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge University Press.
Memon, N., Khoja, F., & Bhutto, A. (2022). Personality factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among students. Management Research Review, 45(4), 567–588.
Nguyen, A., Do, T., & Le, Q. (2020). Attitude, norms, and entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 29(1), 8–30.
Nishantha, B. (2009). Influence of personality traits and socio-demographic background on motivation for entrepreneurial career: The case of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research & Extension, 12(2), 1–11.*
Obschonka, M., & Stuetzer, M. (2022). Entrepreneurship as a career choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 132, 103–118.
OECD. (2021). Entrepreneurship policy framework 2021. OECD Publishing.
Prasetyo, A., & Dewi, R. (2021). The role of entrepreneurial attitude in mediating personality traits. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 14(2), 95–108.
Putra, A., & Suryana, Y. (2022). Psychological determinants of entrepreneurial intention. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 20(1), 11–24.
Putri, D. A., & Setiawan, H. (2022). Need for achievement and its impact on students’ entrepreneurial tendencies. Economic Education Journal, 10(2), 67–78.
Rahman, K., & Chen, Y. (2022). A meta-analytic review of entrepreneurial intention models in the last five years. Journal of Business Psychology, 17(1), 55–78.
Rahmawati, D., & Andini, K. (2023). Internal locus of control and career decision-making. Educational Psychology Review, 34(2), 300–320.
Rahmawati, S., & Hadi, R. (2021). Psychological determinants of entrepreneurial mindset among vocational students. Asian Journal of Technical Education, 9(2), 45–58.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Organizational behavior. Pearson.
Santoso, H., & Rahayu, D. (2022). The challenge of entrepreneurial learning for vocational students. Vocational Education Review, 18(1), 55–68.
Saputro, W. E., Adi, B. W., & Totalia, S. A. (2023). Entrepreneurship education, need for achievement, and locus of control as predictors of entrepreneurial interest in vocational schools. OIKOS, 7(1), 11–29.
Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education and Training, 51(4), 272–291.*
Sesen, H. (2013). Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Education and Training, 55(7), 624–640.*
Setyawan, B., & Jannah, R. (2023). Locus of control and entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of entrepreneurial education. International Journal of Vocational Studies, 6(1), 1–12.
Shane, S., Locke, E., & Collins, C. (2020). Entrepreneurial motivation: A review. Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100–120.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591.*
Srimulyani, A. V. (2013). Pengaruh kecerdasan adversitas, internal locus of control, dan kematangan karir terhadap intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa bekerja. Widya Warta, 37(1), 96–110.*
Tong, Z. F., Tong, D. Y. K., & Loy, L. C. (2011). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among university students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(1), 487–496.*
Uddin, M. R., & Bose, T. K. (2012). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention of business students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 128–137.*
Urban, B., & Ratsimanetrimanana, L. (2021). The role of entrepreneurial attitude in fostering intention. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 26(4), 1–19.
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., & Audretsch, D. (2020). Twenty-five years of entrepreneurship research. Small Business Economics, 56(4), 163–178.
Utami, C., & Prasetyo, T. (2020). Entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(1), 1–10.
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2008). Psychology (9th ed.). Erlangga.
Wang, H., Li, J., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Linking personality traits to entrepreneurial intention: The mediating effect of entrepreneurial attitude. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–10.
Wijaya, T. (2008). Kajian model empiris perilaku berwirausaha UKM DIY dan Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 10(2), 93–104.
Wulandari, S. (2023). Challenges of fostering entrepreneurial mindset in vocational schools. Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia, 2(3), 77–89.
Yuniarto, T., & Asih, D. (2022). Vocational student readiness in entrepreneurship. Journal of Technical and Vocational Education, 16(2), 101–118. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Published
2025-12-14
How to Cite
Priyono, A., Ludi Wishnu Wardana, & F. Danardana Murwani. (2025). Analysis Of The Effect Of Internal Locus Of Control And Need For Achievement On Entrepreneurial Intention Through Entrepreneurial Attitude In Vocational High School Students. International Journal of Technology and Education Research, 3(04), 793-806. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijeter.v3i04.2677
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