Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria and Organic Fertilizer Types on the Vegetative Growth of Waxy Maize (Zea mays var. ceratina)
Keywords:
waxy maize;, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria;, organic fertilizer, vegetative growth
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) availability in soil is frequently a limiting factor for waxy maize growth due to high phosphorus fixation capacity, particularly in acidic soils. The application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and organic fertilizers represents an environmentally sound approach to enhancing P bioavailability and overall soil fertility. This study evaluated the effects of PSB and different types of organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of waxy maize, as well as their interaction. The study employed a 4 × 3 factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was PSB dose, consisting of four levels: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL ha⁻¹, and the second factor was organic fertilizer type, consisting of three levels: no fertilizer, 15 t ha⁻¹ of cattle manure, and 15 t ha⁻¹ of chicken manure. The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the 5% DMRT test. The results showed that the application of Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) had no significant effect on all vegetative growth parameters. Conversely, the type of organic fertilizer had a significant effect, with chicken manure yielding the best growth in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. There was no significant interaction between the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria dose and the type of organic fertilizer.
Keywords: waxy maize, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, organic fertilizer, vegetative growth
References
Adnan, M., Shah, Z., Fahad, S., Arif, M., Alam, M., Khan, I. A., & Khan, A. (2020). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria nullify the antagonistic effect of soil alkalinity to phosphorus availability and uptake. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70577-6
Alori, E. T., Glick, B. R., & Babalola, O. O. (2017). Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential for use in sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00971
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Produksi jagung menurut provinsi (ton), 2022–2023. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/produksi-jagung-menurut-provinsi.html
Bulgari, R., Franzoni, G., & Ferrante, A. (2021). Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy, 11(7), 1243.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071243
Dasila, K., Pande, V., Chandra, S., & Sarma, B. K. (2023). Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms as biofertilizers: Current status, constraints, and future strategies. Biology, 12(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020197
De Zutter, N., Ameye, M., Debode, J., De Tender, C., Ommeslag, S., Verwaeren, J., & Audenaert, K. (2021). Shifts in the rhizobiome during consecutive seasons of maize cultivation. Phytobiomes Journal, 5(4), 394–407. https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-12-20-0088-R
Dhaliwal, S. S., Naresh, R. K., Mandal, A., Singh, R., & Dhaliwal, M. K. (2021). Dynamics and transformations of micronutrients in agricultural soils as influenced by organic matter build-up: A review. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100094
Elhaissoufi, W., Ghoulam, C., Barakat, A., Zeroual, Y., & Bargaz, A. (2022). Phosphate bacterial solubilization: A key rhizosphere driving force enabling higher P use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of Advanced Research, 38, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.014
Hidayat, A., Supriyadi, S., & Purnomo, D. (2023). Integration of biofertilizer and organic matter for improving maize growth and soil biological properties. Agrivita Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3412
Ipinmoroti, R. R., Adeniyan, O. N., Akin-Idowu, P. E., & Ogunniyan, D. J. (2025). Poultry manure application and maize (Zea mays L.) growth, yield, and soil chemical properties improvement across two cropping seasons. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2025.2456473
Kalayu, G. (2019). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms: Promising approach as biofertilizers. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4917256
Lazcano, C., & Domínguez, J. (2021). The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: Impact on plant growth and soil fertility. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/17596
Manzoor, M., Abbasi, M. K., & Sultan, T. (2022). Isolation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from maize rhizosphere and their effect on growth. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 974535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.974535
Mehmood, A., Hussain, A., Irshad, M., & Hamayun, M. (2022). In vitro production of IAA by plant growth promoting bacteria and their impact on maize growth. Agriculture, 12(3), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030001
Nath, D., Maurya, B. R., Meena, V. S., & Tiwari, S. K. (2023). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms: Mechanism and role in plant nutrition. Microbiological Research, 266, 127255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127255
Pan, F., McLaughlin, M. J., & Wiche, O. (2023). Rhizosphere priming effects on soil phosphorus cycling. Plant and Soil, 489, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05973-4
Penn, C. J., & Camberato, J. J. (2019). Soil pH effects on phosphorus availability. Agriculture, 9(6), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060120
Romero-Perdomo, F., Camelo, M., Cardona, W. A., Gutiérrez-Rojas, I., Bonilla, R., & González-Murillo, E. (2023). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as plant growth promoters: Mechanisms and perspectives. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051271
Santos, C. H. B., Vieira, B. S., & Mantovani, J. R. (2020). Phosphorus in plant physiology and its function in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(11), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p1
Setyorini, D., Saraswati, R., & Anwar, E. K. (2022). Pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati sebagai pembenah tanah. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v16n1.2022
Sims, J. T., & Wolf, D. C. (1994). Poultry waste management: Agricultural and environmental issues. Advances in Agronomy, 52, 1–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60621-5
Singh, R. K., Singh, P., Li, H. B., Song, Q. Q., Guo, D. J., Solanki, M. K., & Chen, J. (2024). Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida improves phosphorus availability and maize productivity under field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 196, 105274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105274
Suleman, M., Yasmin, S., Rasul, M., Yahya, M., Atta, B. M., & Mirza, M. S. (2021). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria with glucose dehydrogenase gene for phosphorus uptake and beneficial effects on wheat. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0204408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204408
Thompson, A. M., Crants, J., Schnable, P. S., Yu, J., Timmermans, M. C. P., Springer, N. M., Scanlon, M. J., & Muehlbauer, G. J. (2014). Genetic control of maize shoot apical meristem architecture. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 4(7), 1327–1337. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.011940
Vance, C. P., Uhde-Stone, C., & Allan, D. L. (2003). Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist, 157(3), 423–447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x
Yadav, B. K., Sehrawat, A., & Bhardwaj, P. (2023). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Their role in sustainable agriculture. Rhizosphere, 25, 100638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100638
Alori, E. T., Glick, B. R., & Babalola, O. O. (2017). Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential for use in sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00971
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Produksi jagung menurut provinsi (ton), 2022–2023. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/produksi-jagung-menurut-provinsi.html
Bulgari, R., Franzoni, G., & Ferrante, A. (2021). Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy, 11(7), 1243.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071243
Dasila, K., Pande, V., Chandra, S., & Sarma, B. K. (2023). Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms as biofertilizers: Current status, constraints, and future strategies. Biology, 12(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020197
De Zutter, N., Ameye, M., Debode, J., De Tender, C., Ommeslag, S., Verwaeren, J., & Audenaert, K. (2021). Shifts in the rhizobiome during consecutive seasons of maize cultivation. Phytobiomes Journal, 5(4), 394–407. https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-12-20-0088-R
Dhaliwal, S. S., Naresh, R. K., Mandal, A., Singh, R., & Dhaliwal, M. K. (2021). Dynamics and transformations of micronutrients in agricultural soils as influenced by organic matter build-up: A review. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100094
Elhaissoufi, W., Ghoulam, C., Barakat, A., Zeroual, Y., & Bargaz, A. (2022). Phosphate bacterial solubilization: A key rhizosphere driving force enabling higher P use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of Advanced Research, 38, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.014
Hidayat, A., Supriyadi, S., & Purnomo, D. (2023). Integration of biofertilizer and organic matter for improving maize growth and soil biological properties. Agrivita Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3412
Ipinmoroti, R. R., Adeniyan, O. N., Akin-Idowu, P. E., & Ogunniyan, D. J. (2025). Poultry manure application and maize (Zea mays L.) growth, yield, and soil chemical properties improvement across two cropping seasons. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2025.2456473
Kalayu, G. (2019). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms: Promising approach as biofertilizers. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4917256
Lazcano, C., & Domínguez, J. (2021). The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: Impact on plant growth and soil fertility. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/17596
Manzoor, M., Abbasi, M. K., & Sultan, T. (2022). Isolation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from maize rhizosphere and their effect on growth. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 974535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.974535
Mehmood, A., Hussain, A., Irshad, M., & Hamayun, M. (2022). In vitro production of IAA by plant growth promoting bacteria and their impact on maize growth. Agriculture, 12(3), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030001
Nath, D., Maurya, B. R., Meena, V. S., & Tiwari, S. K. (2023). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms: Mechanism and role in plant nutrition. Microbiological Research, 266, 127255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127255
Pan, F., McLaughlin, M. J., & Wiche, O. (2023). Rhizosphere priming effects on soil phosphorus cycling. Plant and Soil, 489, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05973-4
Penn, C. J., & Camberato, J. J. (2019). Soil pH effects on phosphorus availability. Agriculture, 9(6), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060120
Romero-Perdomo, F., Camelo, M., Cardona, W. A., Gutiérrez-Rojas, I., Bonilla, R., & González-Murillo, E. (2023). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as plant growth promoters: Mechanisms and perspectives. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051271
Santos, C. H. B., Vieira, B. S., & Mantovani, J. R. (2020). Phosphorus in plant physiology and its function in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(11), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p1
Setyorini, D., Saraswati, R., & Anwar, E. K. (2022). Pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati sebagai pembenah tanah. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v16n1.2022
Sims, J. T., & Wolf, D. C. (1994). Poultry waste management: Agricultural and environmental issues. Advances in Agronomy, 52, 1–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60621-5
Singh, R. K., Singh, P., Li, H. B., Song, Q. Q., Guo, D. J., Solanki, M. K., & Chen, J. (2024). Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida improves phosphorus availability and maize productivity under field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 196, 105274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105274
Suleman, M., Yasmin, S., Rasul, M., Yahya, M., Atta, B. M., & Mirza, M. S. (2021). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria with glucose dehydrogenase gene for phosphorus uptake and beneficial effects on wheat. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0204408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204408
Thompson, A. M., Crants, J., Schnable, P. S., Yu, J., Timmermans, M. C. P., Springer, N. M., Scanlon, M. J., & Muehlbauer, G. J. (2014). Genetic control of maize shoot apical meristem architecture. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 4(7), 1327–1337. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.011940
Vance, C. P., Uhde-Stone, C., & Allan, D. L. (2003). Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist, 157(3), 423–447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x
Yadav, B. K., Sehrawat, A., & Bhardwaj, P. (2023). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Their role in sustainable agriculture. Rhizosphere, 25, 100638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100638
Published
2026-06-12
How to Cite
Dai, D. N., Gubali, H., & Ilahude, Z. (2026). Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria and Organic Fertilizer Types on the Vegetative Growth of Waxy Maize (Zea mays var. ceratina). International Journal of Technology and Education Research, 4(02), 1570-1582. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijeter.v4i02.3478
.png)
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijeterjournal@gmail.com
