The Character of Salik in the Novel by Candra Malik: A Psycho-sufistics Study
Keywords:
character of a Salik, psycho-sufistics study, spiritual character
Abstract
In Sufi literary works, symbols, metaphors, and allegories are often presented that describe the relationship between humans and God, as well as human efforts to overcome the ego (nafs), achieve wisdom, and purify the soul. This study aims to describe the character of a Salik. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with the category of library research. The data sources for this study are two novels by Candra Malik (CM), namely (1) Layla A Thousand Nights Without You and (2) Majnun Because You Meet Layla. The data used in this study are in the form of words, phrases, paragraphs, discourses that indicate the author's narrative, dialogue between characters, and setting paintings. The data collection method is a literature study. The data obtained are read, listened to, recorded, concluded, and studied written sources that serve as a theoretical basis and reference in their relationship to the object being studied. The data analysis technique in this study is phenomenological hermeneutics initiated by Paul Ricoeur. The data validity test process uses multimethod triangulation. The research results show that a spiritual seeker possesses character formed through his or her inner journey toward God. The Salik's characteristics identified in this study are humility, patience, humility, sincerity, and obedience.
References
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Muaz, A., & Ahmad, AD (2019). Psycho-Sufistic Therapy of Underground Sufism Movement: A Healing Method Against Punk Community in Jakarta .
Mudaimin, M. (2020). THE CONCEPT OF DIVINE LOVE (MAHABBAH) OF RABI'AH ADAWIYAH. Rausyan Fikr: Journal of Ushuluddin and Philosophy Studies , 16 (1), 133–162.
Mujib, A. (1999). Islamic nature and personality: A psychological approach . Jakarta: Darul Falah, 1999.
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Achiruddin Saleh, A. (2018). Introduction to Psychology. Makassar: Literacy.
Affan, M. (2008). The Spirit of Feminism in the Spiritual Experience of Rabi'ah Al-'Adawiyah. Musawa Journal of Gender and Islamic Studies , 6 (2), 241–256.
Afif, A. (2020). Suryomentaraman Psychology . Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Ahmad, D. (2002). Exploring the Mahabbah Shufiyah Gardens. Yogyakarta: Mitra Pustaka.
Ahmadi, A. (2015). Psychology of literature . Publisher: Unesa University Press.
Aisyah, N. (2020). The Loneliness Personality of the Main Character in the Novel Majnun Since Meeting Layla by Candra Malik. Journal of Research, Education, and Learning , 15 (32).
Al Afify, MF (2018). The Concept of Fitrah in Islamic Psychology. Tsaqafah , 14 (2), 279–298.
Al-Attas, SMN (2005). Islamic philosophy: An introduction. Journal of Islamic Philosophy , 1 (1), 11–43.
al–Attas , SMN (2014). Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam . Malaysia: UTM Press.
Al-Sakandarî, I. (1995). The Quality of the Beads of the Book Al-Hikam . Translated by Djamaluddin Ahmad Al-Buny . Surabaya: Pearl of Knowledge.
Arberry, AJ, Herawan, B., & Hasan, I. (1985). The ebb and flow of Sufism . Bandung: Mizan.
Arroisi, J. (2019). Happiness in al-Ghazali's Perspective. Kalimah: Journal of the Study of Religion and Islamic Thought , 17 (1), 89–103.
Bagir, H. (2006). Pocket book of Sufism . Bandung: Mizan.
Baharuddin, MS (2012). Sabilus Salikin. Pasuruan: Ngalah Islamic Boarding School.
Baharuddin, PPI (2004). Study of Psychological Elements of the Qur'an . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Bakhtiar, L., & Sotillos, S. B. (2019). Quranic psychology of the self: A textbook on Islamic moral psychology . Chicago: Kazi Publications.
Bakry, MM (2018). Maqamat, ahwal and the concept of mahabbah dewayah Rabi 'ah AL-'Adawiyah (A study of Sufism). Al-Asas , 1 (2), 76–101.
Bonneff, M. (1978). Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, prince et philosophy javanais (1892-1962). Archipel , 16 (1), 175–203.
Bonneff, M., & Crossley, S. (1993). Ki Ageng Suryomentaraman, Javanese Prince and Philosopher (1892–1962). Indonesia , 57 , 49–69.
Boyack, K. W., Klavans, R., & Börner, K. (2005). Mapping the backbone of science. Scientometrics , 64 (3), 351–374.
Darma, B. (2018). Olenka . Yogyakarta: Noura Books.
Darmanto, J. (2007). Javanese Psychology . Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya Foundation.
de Jager Meezenbroek, E., Garssen, B., van den Berg, M., Van Dierendonck, D., Visser, A., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2012). Measuring spirituality as a universal human experience: A review of spirituality questionnaires. Journal of Religion and Health , 51 (2), 336–354.
El-Zastrouw, N. (2020). Towards a Sociology of the Archipelago: A Sociological Analysis of the Teachings of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram and the Galunggung Message. ISLAM NUSANTARA: Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture , 1 (1), 89–144.
Fauzi, A. (2018). Psychosufistics of Islamic Education in the Perspective of Sheikh Ibnu Athaillah's Thought. Intellectual Journal: Journal of Islamic Education and Studies , 8 (2), 229–240.
Fikriono, M. (2012). The Peak of Javanese Makrifat: The Inner Odyssey of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram . Jakarta: NouraBooks.
Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., Whelan, T., & Martin, T.R. (2007). The Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory: Psychometric properties and associations with distress and deficits in cognitive self-management. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 25 (4), 255–277.
Frager, R. (1999). Heart, self, and soul: The Sufi psychology of growth, balance, and harmony . Quest Books.
Freud, S. (1921). A general introduction to psychoanalysis . Boni and Liveright.
Freud, S. (2003). An outline of psychoanalysis . Penguin UK.
Gerrig, R. J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2002). American Psychological Association: Glossary of Psychological Terms . Pearson Education, Education, Incorporated (COR).
Gundlach, H. (2014). Max Wertheimer, Habilitation candidate at the Frankfurt Psychological Institute. History of Psychology , 17 (2), 134.
Hanurawan, F. (1999). Transpersonal Psychology Study of the Tradition of Indonesian Islamic Sufism. Psikologika: Journal of Psychological Thought and Research , 4 (8), 15–22.
Haque, A. (2004). Psychology from Islamic perspective: Contributions of early Muslim scholars and challenges to contemporary Muslim psychologists. Journal of Religion and Health , 43 (4), 357–377.
Hardiman, FB (2015). The Art of Understanding Hermeneutics from Schleiermacher to Derrida, 1st edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Hothersall, D. (1997). História and psicologia . McGraw Hill Brazil.
Jäkel, F., Singh, M., Wichmann, F.A., & Herzog, M.H. (2016). An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception. Vision Research , 126 , 3–8.
Jalaluddin, R. (2003). Psychology of Religion: An Introduction. Bandung: Mizan Media Group.
Jarvie, I. C., & Zamora-Bonilla, J. (2011). The Sage handbook of the philosophy of social sciences . Sage Publications.
Jatman, D. (1989). The Politics of the Language of Beauty. Prisma , 1 .
Jatman, D. (2002). Developmental psychology. Semarang: UNDIP Research Field.
Lestari, WY, Sumarwati, S., & Mujiyanto, Y. (2017). Stylistic Study of Poetry Collection "The Origin of Hugs" by Candra Malik as Indonesian Language Teaching Material in Senior High Schools. Basastra , 5 (2), 207–219.
Maimun, A. (2004). Mahabbah in Sufism of Rabi'ah Al-Adawiyah: Appreciation of the Pioneers of True Mysticism in Islam. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies , 172–187.
Malik, C. (2015). Mustika naga: A novel . Jakarta: KPG (Gramedia Popular Library).
Malik, C. (2017). Layla . Yogyakarta: Bentang Pustaka.
Maslow, A. H. (1981). Motivation and personality . Prabhat Prakashan.
Matsumoto, D. E. (2009). The Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Minderop, A. (2010). Literary psychology: Works, methods, theories, and case studies . Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Moleong, LJ (2021). Qualitative research methodology . Jakarta: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Muaz, A., & Ahmad, AD (2019). Psycho-Sufistic Therapy of Underground Sufism Movement: A Healing Method Against Punk Community in Jakarta .
Mudaimin, M. (2020). THE CONCEPT OF DIVINE LOVE (MAHABBAH) OF RABI'AH ADAWIYAH. Rausyan Fikr: Journal of Ushuluddin and Philosophy Studies , 16 (1), 133–162.
Mujib, A. (1999). Islamic nature and personality: A psychological approach . Jakarta: Darul Falah, 1999.
Mustamin, K. (2020). The Concept of Mahabbah Rabi'ah Al-Adawiyah. Farabi (e-Journal) , 17 (1), 66–76.
Nasution, H. (1993). Philosophy and Mysticism in Islam, 1st ed. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Nata, A. (2013). Sufism and noble character . Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Prasetia, SA, & Najiyah, SF (2021). The Conception of Lᾱ Ma'Būda in Sufism; a Quranic Interpretation. At-Tibyan Journal: Journal of Qur'anic Science and Interpretation , 6 (1), 17–39.
Proctor, C., Tweed, R., & Morris, D. (2016). The Rogerian fully functioning person: A positive psychological perspective. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 56 (5), 503–529.
Rahman, D. (2018). The Mystical Journey of the Wallaili Wannahar Character in the Novel Layla by Candra Malik (Fariduddin Attar's Sufi Study). Unesa Student Journal , 1 (01), 1–19.
Rakhmat, J. (1993). Ramayulis. Introduction to the Science of Religious Psychology. Jakarta: Kalam Mulia.
Ristiana, KR, & Adeani, IS (2017). The inner conflict of the main character in the novel Surga Yang Tak Dirindukan 2 by Asma Nadia (Literary psychology study). Literacy: Journal of Indonesian Language and Literature and its Learning , 1 (2), 49–56.
Riyadi, AK (2014). Anthropology of Sufism: Discourse of spiritual man and knowledge . Jakarta: LP3ES.
Riyadi, AK (2016). Archeology of Sufism: Tracing the traces of al Muhasibi's Sufism thought to Indonesian Sufism . Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.
Rusdy, ST (2007). Epistemology of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram Tandhesan Kawruh Bab Kawruh. Jakarta: Kertagama Foundation.
Rusdy, ST (2014). Epistemology of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram: Tandhesan kawruh bab kawruh . Yogyakarta: Kertagama Foundation.
Sanditama, E. (2019). Layla novel by Candra Malik: A study of literary psychology and religious values. Surakarta: FKIP UNS.
Schimmel, A. (1975). Mystical dimensions of Islam . University of North Carolina Press.
Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist , 65 (2), 98.
Sikandar, A. (2015). John Dewey and his philosophy of education. Journal of Education and Educational Development , 2 (2).
Smith, M. (2001). Muslim Women Mystics: The Life and Work of Rabi'a and Other Women Mystics in Islam . Oneworld Publications.
Solihin, M., & Anwar, R. (2008). The Science of Sufism. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.
Statt, D. (2002). The concise dictionary of psychology . Routledge.
Sufism | Definition, History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts | Britannica . (nd). Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism
Suryomentaram, KA (1986). Ki Ageng Suryomentaram's teachings. Jakarta: Inti Idayu Press.
Suryomentaram, KA (1957). The Feeling of Life, Wedjangan Kjai Ageng Surjomentaram , translated by Kjai Pronowidigdo, without publisher, 1957.
Suryomentaram, KA (1988). Wedjangan Kawruh Beja Sawetah . Malang: Junggring Saloka Foundation, 1988.
The 7 Psychological Schools of Thought . (nd). Verywell Mind. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
Watson, J. B., & McDougall, W. (1929). The battle of behaviorism: An exposition and an exposure . WW Norton & Company.
Wellek, R., & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of literature (Vol. 15). Harcourt, Brace & World New York.
Wellek, R.-W. (1949). Austin, Theory of Literature . New York: Harvest.
Yeasmin, S., & Rahman, KF (2012). Triangulation research method as a tool of social science research. BUP Journal , 1 (1), 154–163.
Yörük, İ. (1986). İslâm'da ruh tasavvuru. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , 7 .
Zaini, A. (2016). Imam Al-Ghazali's Sufism Thoughts. Esoteric: Journal of Morals and Sufism , 2 (1).
Published
2025-09-22
How to Cite
Sunarno, S., Haris Supratno, & Heny Subandiyah. (2025). The Character of Salik in the Novel by Candra Malik: A Psycho-sufistics Study. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 4(04), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v4i04.2253
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
