Resilient Surveillance Architecture for Critical Maritime Routes: A Case Study of the Malacca Strait under Extreme Weather Scenarios
Keywords:
Maritime Security, Malacca Strait, Resilient Surveillance, Extreme Weather, Maritimee 4.0, Blue Economy
Abstract
The maritime sector’s transition to Maritime 4.0, integrating digital technologies like IoT and AI, enhances operational efficiency but introduces complex cyber-risks. This deep interconnectivity expands the cyber-attack surface, threatening global supply chains, often exploited via human error. Vital chokepoints, such as the Strait of Malacca, face these advanced threats, which are exacerbated by weak governance and regulatory gaps. Concurrently, an escalating marine environmental crisis, driven by intensive maritime activities and climate change (e.g., extreme weather), poses existential threats and operational risks. Current surveillance architectures lack resilience to these extreme weather events, creating dangerous security vacuums. This essay proposes a conceptual framework for a resilient maritime surveillance architecture in the Malacca Strait, integrating proactive risk management, layered redundancy, and adaptive governance. Aligned with the Maritime 5.0 vision and a Sustainable Blue Economy, this framework emphasizes that marine ecosystem health is fundamental to long-term security.
References
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Bolbot, V., Kulkarni, K., Brunou, P., Valdez Banda, O., & Musharraf, M. (2022). Developments and research directions in maritime cybersecurity: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 39, 100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2022.100571
Bouazza, S., Benmamoun, Z., & Hachimi, H. (2023). Maritime Bilateral Connectivity Analysis for Sustainable Maritime Growth: Case of Morocco. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(2), 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020444
Bueger, C., & Liebetrau, T. (2023). Critical maritime infrastructure protection: What’s the trouble? Marine Policy, 155, 105772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105772
Estiningtyas, W., Surmaini, E., Suciantini, Susanti, E., Mulyani, A., Kartiwa, B., Sumaryanto, Perdinan, Apriyana, Y., & Alifia, A. D. (2024). Analysing food farming vulnerability in Kalimantan, Indonesia: Determinant factors and adaptation measures. PLOS ONE, 19(1), e0296262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296262
Galani, S. (2020). Assessing Maritime Security and Human Rights: The Role of the EU and its Member States in the Protection of Human Rights in the Maritime Domain. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 35(2), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-23441006
Ghahremanloo, M., Choi, Y., & Singh, D. (2024). Deep learning bias correction of GEMS tropospheric NO2: A comparative validation of NO2 from GEMS and TROPOMI using Pandora observations. Environment International, 190, 108818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108818
Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Andersson, M. H., Majamäki, E., & Sigray, P. (2022). Underwater noise emissions from ships during 2014–2020. Environmental Pollution, 311, 119766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119766
Jiang, M., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Shang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Risk assessment of maritime supply chains within the context of the Maritime Silk Road. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 231, 108960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108960
Karakasnaki, M., Pantouvakis, A., & Vlachos, I. (2023). Maritime social sustainability: Conceptualization and scale development. Marine Policy, 147, 105374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105374
Karamperidis, S., Kapalidis, C., & Watson, T. (2021). Maritime cyber security: A global challenge tackled through distinct regional approaches. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(12), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121323
Ksciuk, J., Kuhlemann, S., Tierney, K., & Koberstein, A. (2023). Uncertainty in maritime ship routing and scheduling: A Literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 308(2), 499-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.08.006
Langer, J., Simanjuntak, S., Pfenninger, S., Jarquin Laguna, A., Lavidas, G., Polinder, H., Quist, J., Rahayu, H. P., & Blok, K. (2022). How offshore wind could become economically attractive in low-resource regions like Indonesia. iScience, 25(9), 104945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104945
Li, H., Ren, X., & Yang, Z. (2023). Data-driven Bayesian network for risk analysis of global maritime accidents. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 230, 108938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108938
Li, L. (2023). Building Up a Sustainable Path to Maritime Security: An Analytical Framework and Its Policy Applications. Sustainability, 15(8), 6757. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086757
Macdonald, A., McDonald, J., Schmitt, T., Cai, H., Ceponis, J., Cullen, C., Dutta, P., Ruiz, A. C., & Stevens, A. (2024). New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 09: Transportation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1542(1), 501–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15198
McCabe, R., & Flynn, B. (2024). Under the radar: Ireland, maritime security capacity, and the governance of subsea infrastructure. European Security, 33(2), 324-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2023.2248001
Nguyen, T.-T., Tran, D. T. M., Duc, T. T. H., & Thai, V. V. (2023). Managing disruptions in the maritime industry – a systematic literature review. Maritime Business Review, 8(2), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-09-2021-0072
Nikolic, D., Stojkovic, N., Puzovic, S., Popovic, Z., Stojiljkovic, N., Grbic, N., & Orlic, V. D. (2023). Increasing maritime safety and security in the off-shore activities with HFSWRs as primary sensors for risk assessment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(6), 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061167
Okafor-Yarwood, I. M., & Onuoha, F. C. (2023). Whose security is it? Elitism and the global approach to maritime security in Africa. Third World Quarterly, 44(5), 946–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2023.2167706
Park, C., Kontovas, C., Yang, Z., & Chang, C. (2023). A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks. Ocean & Coastal Management, 231, 106394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106394
Pugliese, G. (2023). The European Union’s Security Intervention in the Indo-Pacific: Between Multilateralism and Mercantile Interests. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 17(1), 76–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2022.2118425
Rahayu, Y. P., Kusumaningtyas, M. A., Daulat, A., Rustam, A., Suryono, D. D., Salim, H. L., Ati, R. N. A., Sudirman, N., Kepel, T. L., Hutahaean, A. A., & Adi, N. S. (2023). Sedimentary seagrass carbon stock and sources of organic carbon across contrasting seagrass meadows in Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(42), 97754–97764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29257-3
Rawson, A., & Brito, M. (2023). A survey of the opportunities and challenges of supervised machine learning in maritime risk analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 181, 106935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.106935
Razmjooei, D., Alimohammadlou, M., Ranaei Kordshouli, H., & Askarifar, K. (2023). Industry 4.0 research in the maritime industry: a bibliometric analysis. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 22(3), 385-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-022-00298-8
Ringsberg, A. H., & Cole, S. (2020). Maritime security guidelines: a study of Swedish ports’ perceived barriers to compliance. Maritime Policy & Management, 47(3), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1711977
Shahbakhsh, M., Emad, G. R., & Cahoon, S. (2021). Industrial revolutions and transition of the maritime industry: The case of Seafarer's role in autonomous shipping. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(4), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2021.05.003
Song, R., Spadon, G., Pelot, R., Matwin, S., & Soares, A. (2024). Enhancing global maritime traffic network forecasting with gravity-inspired deep learning models. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 16665. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67552-2
Sunyowati, D., Ariadhi, P. P. P., Romadhona, M. K., & Alfadhel, A. B. B. (2023). Indonesia-Timor Leste maritime boundaries on Exclusive Economic Zone: Equitable principle. Lex Scientia Law Review, 7(1), 347-372. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.66126
Turedi, O., & Ozer-Caylan, D. (2021). Developing a grounded theory of national maritime policies based on safety, security and environment. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 5(2), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2021.1939642
Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Lai, C. (2024). Connectivity reliability evaluation and most reliable shipping route choice in a seaborne crude oil network. Heliyon, 10(15), e36295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36295
Yildiz, E. (2020). The conflict between Greece and Turkey in the Mediterranean sea (International maritime law study). Jurnal Hukum UNISSULA, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v36i2.11393
Zamzami, L., & Effendi, N. (2023). Cultural and entrepreneurial attitudes of fishermen involved in the production of fishery products in West Sumatra, Indonesia: Implications for marine resource conservation areas in village development. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 7(3), 2629. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v7i3.2629
Published
2025-10-24
How to Cite
Aldy Surya Alriandi, Abdul Rivai Ras, & Moch Jurianto. (2025). Resilient Surveillance Architecture for Critical Maritime Routes: A Case Study of the Malacca Strait under Extreme Weather Scenarios. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 4(04), 591-603. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v4i04.2424
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
