Transformation Caused by Marine Sediment Mining in Karimun Besar Island: A Documentary Analysis and Its Implications for Non-Traditional Maritime Security

Mayang Agustin; Laksdya TNI (Purn) Dr. Widodo, S.E., M.Sc.; Laksma TNI (Purn.) Dr. Ir. Trismadi, M.Si., IPU

doi:10.63922/ijevss.v4i04.2425

Mayang Agustin Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia
Laksdya TNI (Purn) Dr. Widodo, S.E., M.Sc. Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia
Laksma TNI (Purn.) Dr. Ir. Trismadi, M.Si., IPU Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v4i04.2425

Keywords: Marine Sediment Mining, Coastal Ecosystem, Non-Traditional Maritime Security, Geomorphological Change, Eco-Maritime Governance

Abstract

Marine sediment mining in the Riau Islands Province, particularly around Karimun Besar Island, has created a multidimensional challenge involving ecological degradation, socio-economic disparities, and maritime security concerns. This study aims to analyze the ecological transformation and its implications for non-traditional maritime security using a qualitative documentary analysis approach. Data were obtained from six scientific journals and institutional reports from BMKG, KLHK, and IOJI. The results reveal that intensive sand extraction has caused significant geomorphological changes, including seabed deformation, shoreline erosion, and mangrove degradation of up to 40% between 2015 and 2023. Although mining activities have increased local household income by approximately 20%, labor absorption remains minimal at only 4%, leading to social inequality and community tension. Furthermore, environmental damage has weakened coastal resilience and triggered non-traditional security threats such as cross-border fishing, smuggling, and local conflicts. The study concludes that marine sediment mining in Karimun Besar represents a paradox of development economic gains coexist with ecological and security degradation. To address this issue, Indonesia must adopt an eco-maritime security governance model that integrates environmental protection, socio-economic sustainability, and inter-agency maritime coordination to maintain national resilience and Good Order at Sea

References

Acharya, A. (2014). Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Beckman, R. (2019). Ocean governance and the rule of law in Southeast Asia. Ocean Development & International Law, 50(2), 121–145.
Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bueger, C. (2015). What is maritime security? Marine Policy, 53, 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Lord, R. G. (2008). Goal-striving and self-regulation processes. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 151–196). Routledge.
Downes, S. (2012). Connectivism and connective knowledge: Essays on meaning and learning networks. National Research Council Canada.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040–1048.
Faradilla, A., Noeridha, N., & Nadia, L. (2024). Analisis laju perubahan garis pantai Pulau Karimun. Jurnal Geomaritim Indonesia, 12(2), 45–56.
Fauzy, K., Hafsar, K., & Tetty, T. (2025). The economic impact of sand mining on coastal communities in Pantai Harapan Village, Lingga Regency. Aurelia Journal, 7(1), 109–116.
Government of Indonesia. (2023). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengelolaan Sedimen Laut. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia.
Henrich, J. (2016). The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press.
Heyes, C. (2012). What’s social about social learning? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126(2), 193–202.
Indonesian Ocean Justice Initiative (IOJI). (2024). Marine governance and policy reform report. Jakarta: IOJI.
KLHK. (2023). Laporan evaluasi dampak penambangan pasir laut di Kepulauan Riau. Jakarta: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Laland, K. N. (2017). Darwin’s unfinished symphony: How culture made the human mind. Princeton University Press.
Lestari, M., Rahim, H., & Simanjuntak, R. (2023). The condition of mangrove forests in coastal areas of Riau Islands. Ocean Science Journal, 31(3), 210–219.
Mesoudi, A. (2011). Cultural evolution: How Darwinian theory can explain human culture and synthesize the social sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19(3), 354–365.
Piaget, J. (1972). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.
Rahmad, R. (2024). Penambangan pasir laut: Sejarah, pengaturan, dan dampak. Jakarta: Maritim Press.
Rebellon, C. J. (2006). Do adolescents engage in delinquency to attract the social attention of peers? An extension and longitudinal test of social learning theory. Criminology, 44(1), 111–138.
Rendell, L., Boyd, R., Cownden, D., Enquist, M., Eriksson, K., Feldman, M. W., … Laland, K. N. (2010). Why copy others? Insights from the social learning strategies tournament. Science, 328(5975), 208–213.
Rogers, A. R. (1988). Does biology constrain culture? American Anthropologist, 90(4), 819–831.
Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3–10.
Sofiyani, I., Taofiqurrahman, A., Purba, N. P., & Salahuddin, M. (2012). Analisis perubahan geomorfologi dasar laut akibat penambangan pasir laut di perairan timur Pulau Karimun Besar. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 3(4), 327–336.
Till, G. (2009). Seapower: A guide for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391–425.
Whitehead, H., & Richerson, P. J. (2009). The evolution of conformist social learning can cause population collapse in realistically variable environments. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(4), 261–273.