The Leadership Strategies in Addressing Maritime Border Threats to Enhance Surveillance in Indonesian Waters
English
Keywords:
Strategic Leadership, Maritime Security, Border Management, Surveillance, Indonesia
Abstract
Indonesia, as the world’s largest archipelagic nation, faces significant challenges in maintaining the security of its vast and complex maritime borders. Threats such as illegal fishing, smuggling, piracy, terrorism, and territorial disputes demand adaptive and visionary leadership strategies. This study aims to analyze how the application of strategic leadership can strengthen surveillance systems and safeguard Indonesia’s maritime sovereignty. Theoretical approaches employed include visionary, transactional, and situational leadership models, each contributing to enhancing maritime organizational effectiveness amid evolving threats. The findings indicate that the integration of modern technologies—such as satellites, drones, and radar systems—along with human resource capacity building and cross-sectoral cooperation among the Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police, and intelligence agencies, plays a crucial role in reinforcing maritime border security. Furthermore, active maritime diplomacy through ASEAN and international cooperation enhances Indonesia’s position in addressing transnational threats. With adaptive, collaborative, and technology-oriented leadership, Indonesia can improve maritime surveillance effectiveness, protect natural resources, and ensure stability and sovereignty across its maritime border regions.
References
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Pranoto, A. (2021). Indonesia’s leadership in promoting maritime security through the Our Ocean Conference. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Politics, 33(1), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743920921000089
Pribadi, U., et al. (2021). Assessing the implementation of Indonesia’s maritime policy: Analyzing the impact of the sea toll program. Marine Policy, 132, 104692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104692
Rahman, M. (2021). Maritime leadership in Indonesia: Strategic imperatives and national interests. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(6), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1795707
Raymond, C. Z. (2020). Navigating the challenges of maritime security cooperation in Southeast Asia. Journal of Maritime Affairs, 19(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2020.1720985
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ReCAAP. (2023). Annual Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia 2022. ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01176-8
Rizal, S. (2021). Indonesia’s maritime strategy: Cooperation, deterrence, and sustainability. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 52(2), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463421000117
Sánchez Patrón, J. M. (2022). The criminal prosecution of illegal fishing and the jurisdiction of Spanish courts. Marine Policy, 143, 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105209
Sazali, M. A., Ahmad, A. K., & Al-Shahrani, S. (2020). Capacity Building for Maritime Security: Lessons Learned from the Regional Maritime Security Initiatives. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, 162(1), A169–A181. https://doi.org/10.3940/imeche.iMechE.2020.0056
Schofield, C., & Storey, I. (2021). The geopolitics of maritime security in Southeast Asia: Critical perspectives. Journal of International Security Affairs, 98(2), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1945384
Sebastian, L., & Storey, I. (2020). Maritime security cooperation in the ASEAN region: Current state and future directions. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs42-1c
Singh, A., Lim, W. M., Jha, S., Kumar, S., & Ciasullo, M. V. (2023). The state of the art of strategic leadership. Journal of Business Research, 158, 113676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113676
Smith, M. (2021). ASEAN and the future of Southeast Asian security: A regional security complex approach. International Affairs, 97(5), 1230–1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab085
Sukma, R. (2021a). Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific: Balancing between continental and maritime strategies. International Affairs, 97(3), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iia005
Sukma, R. (2021b). Indonesia's maritime diplomacy: Securing sovereignty and security. Journal of Strategic Studies, 44(2), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1776862
Till, G. (2018). Seapower: A guide for the twenty-first century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315182423
Weinbaum, M. (2021). Maritime security challenges and responses in Southeast Asia. International Security, 46(3), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00417
Wright, G., et al. (2021). Combatting illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing: Strengthening maritime governance and policy in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 124, 104324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104324
Yu, C., & Chang, Y.-C. (2023). China’s incentives and efforts against IUU fishing in the South China Sea. Sustainability, 15(9), 7255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097255
Zarwan, A. (2020). Countering Radicalization and Extremism: Lessons from Indonesia’s Deradicalization Programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1778962
Bakkar, H. H., Muhd, R., & Hisham, S. (2021). Maritime Terrorism and Its Threat to National Security: The Case of Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Security Studies, 7(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJSS-07-2021-0034
Bamgbose, O., Al-Zahrani, H., & Al-Jarrah, O. (2023). Discovering maritime-piracy hotspots: A study based on AHP and spatio-temporal analysis. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05352-z
Choi, H. (2021). The Role of ASEAN in Managing South China Sea Disputes: Challenges and Opportunities. Asian Survey, 61(5), 872–894. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.5.872
Daw, T., Gray, T., & Wakamatsu, K. (2021). Understanding the Role of Fisher Communities in Marine Conservation: A Case Study from Indonesia. Marine Policy, 128, 104442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104442
Farhan, B. Y. (2024). Visionary leadership and innovative mindset for sustainable business development: Case studies and practical applications. Research in Globalization, 8, 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100219
Friebel, G., Manchin, M., Mendola, M., & Prarolo, G. (2024). International migration and illegal costs: Evidence from Africa-to-Europe smuggling routes. Journal of International Economics, 148, 103878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103878
Friess, B., & Grémaud-Colombier, M. (2021). Policy outlook: Recent evolutions of maritime spatial planning in the European Union. Marine Policy, 132, 103428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.01.017
Gilli, K., Lettner, N., & Guettel, W. (2024). The future of leadership: New digital skills or old analog virtues? Journal of Business Strategy, 45(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-06-2022-0093
He, Z., Huang, H., Choi, H., & Bilgihan, A. (2023). Building organizational resilience with digital transformation. Journal of Service Management, 34(1), 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-06-2021-0216
Karamperidis, S., Kapalidis, C., & Watson, T. (2021). Maritime Cyber Security: A Global Challenge Tackled through Distinct Regional Approaches. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(12), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121323
Khan, M. A., Khan, A. F., & Zaman, S. (2021). Legal Framework for Combating Maritime Crimes in the Indian Ocean Region: Challenges and Solutions. Marine Policy, 127, 104230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104230
Klebe, L., Felfe, J., & Klug, K. (2022). Mission impossible? Effects of crisis, leader and follower strain on health-oriented leadership. European Management Journal, 40(3), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.07.001
Koh, T. (2020). Indonesia's Maritime Diplomacy in the South China Sea: Challenges and Prospects. The Pacific Review, 33(4), 553–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1758890
Legood, A., van der Werff, L., Lee, A., & Den Hartog, D. (2020). A meta-analysis of the role of trust in the leadership–performance relationship. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1819241
Li, B., & Liu, Z. (2022). Measurement and evolution of high-quality development level of marine fishery in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 32, 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-022-1263-7
Li, P., Sun, J.-M., Taris, T. W., Xing, L., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2021). Country differences in the relationship between leadership and employee engagement: A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(1), 101458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101458
Makmur, H. (2020). Modernization of Indonesian naval forces: Implications for regional maritime security. Defense & Security Analysis, 36(4), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2020.1837271
Mohamad, A. (2021). Collective maritime security in Southeast Asia: Evaluating the Malacca Strait Patrol. Asian Security, 17(2), 153–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2020.1839173
Morales, L., Onieva, L., Pérez, V., & Cortés, P. (2020). Using fuzzy logic algorithms and growing hierarchical self-organizing maps to define efficient security inspection strategies in a container terminal. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 13(1), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.2991/ijcis.d.200430.001
Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., & Primavera, J. H. (2020). Effects of Aquaculture on World Fish Supplies. Marine Policy, 114, 104135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104135
Nomikos, N., Gkonis, P. K., Bithas, P. S., & Trakadas, P. (2023). A survey on UAV-aided maritime communications: Deployment considerations, applications, and future challenges. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 4, 56–78. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2022.3225590
Pranoto, A. (2021). Indonesia’s leadership in promoting maritime security through the Our Ocean Conference. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Politics, 33(1), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743920921000089
Pribadi, U., et al. (2021). Assessing the implementation of Indonesia’s maritime policy: Analyzing the impact of the sea toll program. Marine Policy, 132, 104692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104692
Rahman, M. (2021). Maritime leadership in Indonesia: Strategic imperatives and national interests. Maritime Policy & Management, 48(6), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1795707
Raymond, C. Z. (2020). Navigating the challenges of maritime security cooperation in Southeast Asia. Journal of Maritime Affairs, 19(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2020.1720985
Raymond, C. Z. (2022). The evolution of maritime security governance in Southeast Asia: Navigating through challenges. Marine Policy, 134, 104816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104816
ReCAAP. (2022). Annual Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia. ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre.
ReCAAP. (2023). Annual Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia 2022. ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01176-8
Rizal, S. (2021). Indonesia’s maritime strategy: Cooperation, deterrence, and sustainability. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 52(2), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463421000117
Sánchez Patrón, J. M. (2022). The criminal prosecution of illegal fishing and the jurisdiction of Spanish courts. Marine Policy, 143, 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105209
Sazali, M. A., Ahmad, A. K., & Al-Shahrani, S. (2020). Capacity Building for Maritime Security: Lessons Learned from the Regional Maritime Security Initiatives. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, 162(1), A169–A181. https://doi.org/10.3940/imeche.iMechE.2020.0056
Schofield, C., & Storey, I. (2021). The geopolitics of maritime security in Southeast Asia: Critical perspectives. Journal of International Security Affairs, 98(2), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1945384
Sebastian, L., & Storey, I. (2020). Maritime security cooperation in the ASEAN region: Current state and future directions. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs42-1c
Singh, A., Lim, W. M., Jha, S., Kumar, S., & Ciasullo, M. V. (2023). The state of the art of strategic leadership. Journal of Business Research, 158, 113676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113676
Smith, M. (2021). ASEAN and the future of Southeast Asian security: A regional security complex approach. International Affairs, 97(5), 1230–1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab085
Sukma, R. (2021a). Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific: Balancing between continental and maritime strategies. International Affairs, 97(3), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iia005
Sukma, R. (2021b). Indonesia's maritime diplomacy: Securing sovereignty and security. Journal of Strategic Studies, 44(2), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1776862
Till, G. (2018). Seapower: A guide for the twenty-first century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315182423
Weinbaum, M. (2021). Maritime security challenges and responses in Southeast Asia. International Security, 46(3), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00417
Wright, G., et al. (2021). Combatting illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing: Strengthening maritime governance and policy in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 124, 104324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104324
Yu, C., & Chang, Y.-C. (2023). China’s incentives and efforts against IUU fishing in the South China Sea. Sustainability, 15(9), 7255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097255
Zarwan, A. (2020). Countering Radicalization and Extremism: Lessons from Indonesia’s Deradicalization Programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1778962
Published
2025-10-24
How to Cite
Anwar, M. F., Brigjen TNI Dr. Mitro Prihantoro, S.A.P., M.SC., & Kolonel Laut (K/W) Dr. Deni Setiawati, Ns., M.Kep., MARS. (2025). The Leadership Strategies in Addressing Maritime Border Threats to Enhance Surveillance in Indonesian Waters: English. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 4(04), 633-650. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v4i04.2426
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
