Economic Resilience as a Component of National Defense: Formulation of Strategies to defend against Non-Conventional Threats
Keywords:
Economic Resilience, National Defense, Non-Conventional Threats
Abstract
Economic resilience is analyzed as an integral component of national defense in the defense of unconventional threats such as economic wars, cyberattacks, and geopolitical pressures. The capacity of states to defend sovereignty, adapt to change, and mitigate the impact of external attacks that disrupt social and political stability is the focus of this study. The relationship between economic resilience, fiscal policy, diversification of economic sectors, and strengthening technological infrastructure, including cyber defense, is highlighted as interrelated elements to maintain economic stability and national security. This study examines adaptive response and policy strategies, including intersectoral collaboration and international cooperation, to anticipate the complex dynamics of global economic threats. The findings indicate that the synergy of planned economic policies with a comprehensive defense strategy can strengthen national capabilities to respond to non-military threats, maintain internal stability, and improve the country's geopolitical position.
References
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Papava, V., & Maisaia, V. (2023). On Economic Security under Confrontational Globalization and the Main Concepts of Geo-Economic Warfare. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 17(3), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608421
Petach, L., Weiler, S., & Conroy, T. (2021). It’s a wonderful loan: local financial composition, community banks, and economic resilience. Journal of Banking and Finance, 126, 106077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106077
Poggio, E. (2024). Economic warfare goes global: the incorporation of the Indies in the great reprisal against the French, 1635–1640. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 30(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2024.2370145
Pontarollo, N., & Serpieri, C. (2021). Challenges and Opportunities to Regional Renewal in the European Union. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 142–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620931591
Pretorius, O., Drewes, E., Aswegen, M. van, & Malan, G. (2021). A policy approach towards achieving regional economic resilience in developing countries: Evidence from the sadc. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052674
Ranjbari, M., Shams Esfandabadi, Z., Zanetti, M. C., Scagnelli, S. D., Siebers, P. O., Aghbashlo, M., Peng, W., Quatraro, F., & Tabatabaei, M. (2021). Three pillars of sustainability in the wake of COVID-19: A systematic review and future research agenda for sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126660
Renner, S. (2024). Canadian Nickel for Nazi Germany–How Government-Business Relationships Affected British Blockade Strategies in the 1930s. International History Review, 46(4), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2024.2323493
Ruggi, T. (2023). Counterstrategies to Economic Warfare: A Strategic Framework in a World of Weaponised Interdependence. RUSI Journal, 168(7), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2024.2307171
Seligmann, M. S. (2024). Competing Narratives on Economic Warfare: The Unlikely Origin of Archibald Bell’s Unwanted History of the Blockade of Germany. International History Review, 46(4), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2023.2294764
Slawinski, N., Winsor, B., Mazutis, D., Schouten, J. W., & Smith, W. K. (2021). Managing the Paradoxes of Place to Foster Regeneration. Organization and Environment, 34(4), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026619837131
Sutton, J., Arcidiacono, A., Torrisi, G., & Arku, R. N. (2023). Regional economic resilience: A scoping review. Progress in Human Geography, 47(4), 500–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325231174183
Sutton, J., & Arku, G. (2022). Regional economic resilience: towards a system approach. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2022.2092418
Tateishi, E., Takahashi, K., & Nakano, T. (2021). Governance reaction to the emerging megacity shrinkage in Tokyo: The case of the Tsukuba express transit-suburban region. Cities, 109(xxxx), 103033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103033
Tóth, G., Elekes, Z., Whittle, A., Lee, C., & Kogler, D. F. (2022). Technology Network Structure Conditions the Economic Resilience of Regions. Economic Geography, 98(4), 355–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2035715
Triyana, H. J. (2022). Conscientious Objection Before the Indonesian Constitutional Court. Constitutional Review, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev825
Uddin, M., Chowdhury, A., Anderson, K., & Chaudhuri, K. (2021). The effect of COVID – 19 pandemic on global stock market volatility: Can economic strength help to manage the uncertainty? Journal of Business Research, 128(January), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.061
Volkov, A., Žičkienė, A., Morkunas, M., Baležentis, T., Ribašauskienė, E., & Streimikiene, D. (2021). A multi-criteria approach for assessing the economic resilience of agriculture: The case of Lithuania. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042370
Wang, X., & Li, M. (2022). Determinants of Regional Economic Resilience to Economic Crisis: Evidence from Chinese Economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020809
White, S. C. D. (2023). (Flint)lock, stock and two smoking barrels: A modern military interpretation of frontier economic warfare. Historical Encounters, 10(2), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.52289/hej10.205
Zhang, M., Ren, Y., & Zhou, L. (2024). Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of urban ecological resilience in the Yellow River Basin. Arid Land Geography, 47(3), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.381
Zhu, W., Li, B., & Han, Z. (2021). Synergistic analysis of the resilience and efficiency of China’s marine economy and the role of resilience policy. Marine Policy, 132(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104703
Capasso, M. (2023). Theorising Sanctions as Warfare: Insights from the US-Led Aggression on Libya. World Review of Political Economy, 14(4), 555–584. https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.14.4.0555
Davis, P. K. (2023). Potential Implications of the Russia–Ukraine War for Northeast Asia. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 6(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2023.2178205
Di Pietro, F., Lecca, P., & Salotti, S. (2021). Regional economic resilience in the European Union: a numerical general equilibrium analysis. Spatial Economic Analysis, 16(3), 287–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2020.1846768
Dykha, M., Lukianova, V., Polozova, V., Pylypiak, O., & Ivanov, M. (2024). Transformation of Ukraine’s socio-economic development in the context of global turbulence and war: Challenges and opportunities. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series Economics, 11(2), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ2.2024.30
Esonye, C., Esonye, C. O., Agha, E. O., Ume, C. S., Njemanze, C. V., Eyisi, C. E., & Adepoju, T. F. (2023). The 2022 Russia invasion on Ukraine: The biofuel energy security challenge on Ukraine and some related countries. Heliyon, 9(11), e21483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21483
Freudlsperger, C., & Schimmelfennig, F. (2022). Transboundary crises and political development: why war is not necessary for European state-building. Journal of European Public Policy, 29(12), 1871–1884. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2141822
He, D., Miao, P., & Qureshi, N. A. (2022). Can industrial diversification help strengthen regional economic resilience? Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(November), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.987396
Hofer, A. (2023). The EU’s ‘Massive and Targeted’ Sanctions in Response to Russian Aggression, a Contradiction in Terms. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, August 2023, 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2023.9
Hu, Y., Zhou, H. Q., Jin, X. M., Shen, Y. F., & Yan, Y. Z. (2022). Assessing the Resilience of the Marine Economy: A Case Study of Southern China’s Marine Economy Circle. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9(May), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.912462
Hundt, C., & Grün, L. (2022). Resilience and specialization - How German regions weathered the Great Recession. ZFW - Advances in Economic Geography, 66(2), 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2021-0014
Kim, D. J. (2022). Compound Containment: A Reigning Power’s Military-Economic Countermeasures against a Challenging Power. Compound Containment: A Reigning Power’s Military-Economic Countermeasures against a Challenging Power, 1–200. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11622137
Knoke, T., Paul, C., Gosling, E., Jarisch, I., Mohr, J., & Seidl, R. (2023). Assessing the Economic Resilience of Different Management Systems to Severe Forest Disturbance. In Environmental and Resource Economics (Vol. 84, Issue 2). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-022-00719-5
Liu, X., & Chen, Z. (2021). An Integrated Risk and Resilience Assessment of Sea Ice Disasters on Port Operation. Risk Analysis, 41(9), 1579–1599. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13660
Monastiriotis, V., & Martelli, A. (2021). Crisis, Adjustment and Resilience in the Greek Labor Market: An Unemployment Decomposition Approach. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620964848
Ngouhouo, I., & Nchofoung, T. N. (2022). Economic Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Composite Indicators. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00717-2
Nhamo, L., & Ndlela, B. (2021). Nexus planning as a pathway towards sustainable environmental and human health post Covid-19. Environmental Research, 192(xxxx), 110376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110376
Olujobi, O. J., Olarinde, E. S., Yebisi, T. E., & Okorie, U. E. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impacts of Crude Oil Price Shock on Nigeria’s Economy, Legal and Policy Options. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(18), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811166
Oprisan, O., Pirciog, S., Ionascu, A. E., Lincaru, C., & Grigorescu, A. (2023). Economic Resilience and Sustainable Finance Path to Development and Convergence in Romanian Counties. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(19), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914221
Papava, V., & Maisaia, V. (2023). On Economic Security under Confrontational Globalization and the Main Concepts of Geo-Economic Warfare. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 17(3), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608421
Petach, L., Weiler, S., & Conroy, T. (2021). It’s a wonderful loan: local financial composition, community banks, and economic resilience. Journal of Banking and Finance, 126, 106077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106077
Poggio, E. (2024). Economic warfare goes global: the incorporation of the Indies in the great reprisal against the French, 1635–1640. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 30(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2024.2370145
Pontarollo, N., & Serpieri, C. (2021). Challenges and Opportunities to Regional Renewal in the European Union. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 142–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620931591
Pretorius, O., Drewes, E., Aswegen, M. van, & Malan, G. (2021). A policy approach towards achieving regional economic resilience in developing countries: Evidence from the sadc. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052674
Ranjbari, M., Shams Esfandabadi, Z., Zanetti, M. C., Scagnelli, S. D., Siebers, P. O., Aghbashlo, M., Peng, W., Quatraro, F., & Tabatabaei, M. (2021). Three pillars of sustainability in the wake of COVID-19: A systematic review and future research agenda for sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126660
Renner, S. (2024). Canadian Nickel for Nazi Germany–How Government-Business Relationships Affected British Blockade Strategies in the 1930s. International History Review, 46(4), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2024.2323493
Ruggi, T. (2023). Counterstrategies to Economic Warfare: A Strategic Framework in a World of Weaponised Interdependence. RUSI Journal, 168(7), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2024.2307171
Seligmann, M. S. (2024). Competing Narratives on Economic Warfare: The Unlikely Origin of Archibald Bell’s Unwanted History of the Blockade of Germany. International History Review, 46(4), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2023.2294764
Slawinski, N., Winsor, B., Mazutis, D., Schouten, J. W., & Smith, W. K. (2021). Managing the Paradoxes of Place to Foster Regeneration. Organization and Environment, 34(4), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026619837131
Sutton, J., Arcidiacono, A., Torrisi, G., & Arku, R. N. (2023). Regional economic resilience: A scoping review. Progress in Human Geography, 47(4), 500–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325231174183
Sutton, J., & Arku, G. (2022). Regional economic resilience: towards a system approach. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2022.2092418
Tateishi, E., Takahashi, K., & Nakano, T. (2021). Governance reaction to the emerging megacity shrinkage in Tokyo: The case of the Tsukuba express transit-suburban region. Cities, 109(xxxx), 103033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103033
Tóth, G., Elekes, Z., Whittle, A., Lee, C., & Kogler, D. F. (2022). Technology Network Structure Conditions the Economic Resilience of Regions. Economic Geography, 98(4), 355–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2035715
Triyana, H. J. (2022). Conscientious Objection Before the Indonesian Constitutional Court. Constitutional Review, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev825
Uddin, M., Chowdhury, A., Anderson, K., & Chaudhuri, K. (2021). The effect of COVID – 19 pandemic on global stock market volatility: Can economic strength help to manage the uncertainty? Journal of Business Research, 128(January), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.061
Volkov, A., Žičkienė, A., Morkunas, M., Baležentis, T., Ribašauskienė, E., & Streimikiene, D. (2021). A multi-criteria approach for assessing the economic resilience of agriculture: The case of Lithuania. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042370
Wang, X., & Li, M. (2022). Determinants of Regional Economic Resilience to Economic Crisis: Evidence from Chinese Economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020809
White, S. C. D. (2023). (Flint)lock, stock and two smoking barrels: A modern military interpretation of frontier economic warfare. Historical Encounters, 10(2), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.52289/hej10.205
Zhang, M., Ren, Y., & Zhou, L. (2024). Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of urban ecological resilience in the Yellow River Basin. Arid Land Geography, 47(3), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.381
Zhu, W., Li, B., & Han, Z. (2021). Synergistic analysis of the resilience and efficiency of China’s marine economy and the role of resilience policy. Marine Policy, 132(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104703
Published
2025-12-04
How to Cite
Pratiwi, I., Asep Adang Supriyadi, & Yosef Prihanto. (2025). Economic Resilience as a Component of National Defense: Formulation of Strategies to defend against Non-Conventional Threats. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(01), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i01.2584
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
