Social Capital, Cultural Reproduction, and Multicultural Dynamics In Homeschooling Practices In Indonesia

Supriadi Torro; Alimin Alwi

doi:10.63922/ijevss.v5i02.3235

Supriadi Torro Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
Alimin Alwi Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i02.3235

Keywords: Cultural Reproduction, Homeschooling, Multicultural Dynamics, Social Capital

Abstract

Homeschooling, as a family-based educational alternative, is growing in Indonesia and introducing new dynamics to educational practices outside the formal system. This article aims to analyze the construction of homeschooling in the academic literature, emphasizing the roles of social capital, cultural reproduction, and multicultural dynamics. This study employs a systematic literature review approach in accordance with the PRISMA protocol, examining nationally and internationally indexed articles from the past ten years. The findings indicate that homeschooling is not merely an individual choice but a family strategy for transmitting values, norms, identity, and cultural resources to children. Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social capital and cultural reproduction explain how families build networks, access educational resources, and maintain their social position. Multicultural dynamics are reflected in the diversity of social, cultural, and religious backgrounds that shape learning patterns while also influencing the socialization of values of diversity. However, homeschooling also has the potential to reproduce social inequalities due to disparities in access to economic, social, and cultural capital. These findings underscore that homeschooling is a significant arena in the sociology of education, as it reflects the relationship between family, social structure, and alternative educational practices within a multicultural society. This research contributes to strengthening the discourse on inclusive non-formal education.

References

Aldhaheri, Reem Thani, and United Arab Emirates. 2025. “A Qualitative Exploration of Parents ’ Experiences of Homeschooling in the United Arab Emirates : Motivations and Challenges.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 24(10):307–30.
Alharbi, Faten, Nenad Naumovski, and Rosemary Anne McFarlane. 2025. “Traditional Place-Based Diets and Their Effects on Healthy and Sustainable Food Transitions : A Systematic Literature Review.” Public Health Nutrition (16). doi:10.1017/S1368980025101274.
ALMamari, Khalid. 2026. “Parental Education, Home Resources, Gender, and Academic Achievement: A Multilevel Analysis of GCC and Asia–Pacific Students in TIMSS 2023.” Large-Scale Assessments in Education 14(1):13.
Anam, Rifqi Khairul. 2025. “Anthony Giddens’s Structuration Theory and Relevance with Sociology of Knowledge.” SOCIAL EDU: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan 1(2):73–84.
Anomime. 2014. “Legalitas Homeschooling Di Indonesia.” https://www.gresnews.com/artikel/84469/Legalitas-Homeschooling-di-Indonesia/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Aurini, Janice, and Scott Davies. 2005. “Choice without Markets : Homeschooling in The Context of Private Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 26(4):461–474. doi:10.1080/01425690500199834.
Batra, Ritika. 2021. “A Thematic Analysis to Identify Barriers , Gaps , and Challenges for the Implementation of Public-Private-Partnerships in Housing.” Habitat International 118:102454. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102454.
Blanden, Jo, Matthias Doepke, and Jan Stuhler. 2023. “Educational Inequality.” Pp. 405–97 in Handbook of the Economics of Education. Vol. 6. Elsevier.
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2023. “Toward Good Practice in Thematic Analysis : Avoiding Common Problems and Be ( Com ) Ing a Knowing Researcher.” InternatIonal Journal of Transgender HealtH 24(1):1–6. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597.
Bridget, Obiageri, Rhiannon Moore, and Gayatri Vaidya. 2023. “Social Sciences & Humanities Open Using Bourdieu ’ s Theory of Cultural Reproduction to Examine English Language Learning : A Multilevel Study in Three Lower- and Middle-Income Countries.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 8(1):100578. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100578.
Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S95–120.
Englund, Hans, Jonas Gerdin, and John Burns. 2020. “A Structuration Theory Perspective on The Interplay Between Strategy and Accounting: Unpacking Social Continuity and Transformation.” Critical Perspectives on Accounting 73:101988.
Fan, Huiyong, Yuxiang Feng, and Yichi Zhang. 2024. “Parental Involvement and Student Creativity : A Three-Level Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Psychology 15(September). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1407279.
Forlin, Chris, and Dianne Chambers. 2024. “Implementation of Home-Schooling : Parents ’ Practices and Processes.” Education Sciences 14(05).
Gisselquist, Rachel, and Andrea Vaccaro. 2025. “What COVID-19 Can Tell Us about the State: A Global Look at the First Year of the Pandemic.” Pp. 1–28 in How States Respond to Crisis: Pandemic Governance Across the Global South. Oxford University Press.
Guide, A. Practical. 2016. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Gusenbauer, Michael. 2020. “Which Academic Search Systems Are Suitable for Systematic Reviews or Meta-Analyses ? Evaluating Retrieval Qualities of Google Scholar , PubMed , and 26 Other Resources.” Reseach Shyntesis Methods (November 2018):181–217. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1378.
Hannah Snyder. 2019. “Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines.” JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH.
Jesus, Dennis A. De, Windel C. Austria, and Joselito C. Ubaldo. 2025. “Exploring Parental Approaches and Influences on Homeschooled Learners ’ Academic Achievement : A Mixed-Methods Investigation.” International Journal of Education, Theology, and Humanities RESEARCH 4(2):29–36.
Jorgenen, Clara Rubner, and Thomas Perry. 2021. “Understanding School Mobility and Mobile Pupils in England.” British Educational Research Journal 47(5):1139–57. doi:10.1002/berj.3718.
Kunzman, Robert, and Milton Gaither. 2020. “Homeschooling: An Updated Comprehensive Survey of The Research.” Other Education-the Journal of Educational Alternatives 9(1):253–336.
Lee, Tai-an, Chun-yu Chen, Yu-jun Chang, Bei-cyuan Guo, Wen-ya Lin, Chao-hsin Wu, and Han-ping Wu. 2024. “Presentations of Children with Suspected Sepsis Caused by Acute Infectious Diarrhea in the Pediatric Emergency Department.” Children 11(02):1–12.
Luck, Anneliese, Wan-Ting Chen, Stephanie Cuccaro-Alamin, John Prindle, Jill Duerr Berrick, and Emily Putnam-Hornstein. 2025. “Homeschooling and Child Maltreatment: A Review of The Regulatory Context and Research Evidence in the United States.” Child Abuse & Neglect 163:107355.
Madjid, Afandi. 2020. “Homeschooling Di Indonesia.” https://blog.kejarcita.id/homeschooling-di-indonesia/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Mediana. 2020. “Homeschooling”, Diakui Undang-Undang, Diragukan Di Lapangan.” https://www.kompas.id/artikel/homeschooling-diakui-undang-undang-diragukan-di-lapangan?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Nel, Norma, and Soezin Krog. 2024. “Christian Learners’ and Parents’ Choice of Faith-Based Homeschooling.” Journal for the Study of Religion 37(1):1–26.
Page, Matthew J., Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer, Jennifer M. Tetzlaff, Elie A. Akl, and Sue E. Brennan. 2022. “The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline For Reporting Systematic Reviews.” Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 46:e112.
Purnamasari, Iin, Suyata, and Siti Irene Astuti Dwiningrum. 2017. “Homeschooling Dalam Masyarakat: Studi Etnografi Pendidikan.” Jurnal Pembangunan Pendidikan : Fondasi Dan Aplikasi 5(1):14–31.
Purola, Karoliina, and Arniika Kuusisto. 2021. “Parental Participation and Connectedness Through Family Social Capital Theory in the Early Childhood Education Community.” Cogent Education 8(1). doi:10.1080/2331186X.2021.1923361.
Rachevski, Israel, and Vered Vaknin-nusbaum. 2025. “21st-Century Skills in Israeli Post-Secondary Education : Predictors Among Students with and Without Learning Disabilities.” Education Sciences 15(12):1–21.
Ray, Brian D., and Brian D. Ray. 2017. “A Systematic Review of the Empirical Research on Selected Aspects of Homeschooling as a School Choice Aspects of Homeschooling as a School Choice.” Journal of School Choice 11(4):604–21. doi:10.1080/15582159.2017.1395638.
Sari, Elif, Felix Bittmann, and Christoph Homuth. 2023. “Explaining Inequalities of Homeschooling in Germany During the First COVID-19 Lockdown.” P. 1154389 in Frontiers in Education. Vol. 8. Frontiers Media SA.
Sidqi, Ansori, Reza Maulana Dalimunthe, and Devi Haryani. 2025. “Fenomena Home Schooling Pendidikan Islam : Analisis Komparatif Perspektif Dalam Media Massa.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai 9(2):13819–25.
Sikkink, David. 2026. “Homeschooling and the Social Life of Families and Communities.” Peabody Journal of Education 00(00):1–17. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2025.2605898.
Suxin, T. A. N., and F. A. N. Guorui. 2024. “How Do the ‘Pastoral Children’ Transform into Modern Students? Reflections from the Perspectives of Cultural Reproduction and Cultural Acculturation.” International Journal of Educational Research 125:102351.
Tan, Gek Ling Claire, and Zheng Fang. 2023. “Family Social and Cultural Capital : An Analysis of Effects on Adolescents ’ Educational Outcomes in China.” The Journal of Chinese Sociology 10(21). doi:10.1186/s40711-023-00200-w.
Tiaresaputra, and Rizky Jaramaya. 2011. “Homeschooling Sebagai Salah Satu Pendidikan Alternatif.”
Valiente, Carlos, Tracy L. Spinrad, Brian D. Ray, Nancy Eisenberg, and Ariana Ruof. 2022. “Homeschooling : What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Learn ?” Child Development Prespectives 16(01):48–53. doi:10.1111/cdep.12441.
Vibriyanthy, Ricca, and Puji Yanti Fauziah. 2014. “The Implementation of Character Education In Homeschooling Kak Seto Yogyakarta.” JPPM: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 1(3):75–85.
Xiao, Yu, and Maria Watson. 2019. “Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 39(1):93–112.
Zhang, Kaili C., and Lindsay Gibson. 2024. “Exploring the Lived Experiences of Home-Educating Families with Young Children in the UK : The Untold Stories.” European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14(9):2598–2615.
Zheng, Yajun, and Gerard A. Postiglione. 2025. “Untangling the Dominant Culture in China ’ s Elite Universities.” Higher Education 90(2):407–27. doi:10.1007/s10734-024-01329-4.