Factors Influencing The Teaching And Learning Process: Multidimensional Analysis In The Contemporary Indonesian Education Ecosystem

Abstract

The writing of this assignment aims to comprehensively map the factors that affect the teaching and learning process in the context of the Indonesian education system, especially during the transition period of the Independent Curriculum and the post-pandemic era (2024-2025). The main problems raised are the stagnation of national literacy and numeracy achievement and the existence of a digital gap that hinders the effectiveness of learning in remote areas. The urgency of this writing lies in the urgent need to identify determinant variables that can improve the quality of education in the midst of global challenges and technological disruption. The methodology applied is a descriptive qualitative literature study through integrative analysis of dozens of accredited national scientific journals, official government statistical reports, and international assessment data. The results found showed that the teaching and learning process was simultaneously influenced by three main pillars: internal factors (physiological and psychological), external factors (family, school, and community environment), and learning approach factors (pedagogical strategies and digital literacy). Key findings emphasize that teachers' pedagogic competence coupled with technological literacy has a significant positive correlation with students' academic performance, while environmental factors in disadvantaged, frontier, and outermost (3T) areas remain structural barriers that require affirmative policies. This paper concludes that the success of national education requires a holistic approach that brings together students' mental readiness, educator professionalism, and equitable distribution of digital infrastructure.