The Effectiveness of Shaping Techniques in Reducing Smoking Behavior in a College Student

Abstract

Smoking behavior among college students often serves as a “social glue” within peer groups; however, high and persistent intensity carries the risk of addiction and harmful multidimensional effects. This study aims to test the effectiveness of shaping techniques in reducing the frequency of smoking behavior in a college student with a tendency toward nicotine addiction. The method used was a quantitative single-subject experimental design (Single-Subject Research/SSR) with an A1–B–A2reversal design involving a 21-year-old student (subject FQ). Data collection was conducted over 20 naturalistic observation sessions using event recording techniques through non-participant direct observation, supplemented by semi-structured interviews as supporting data. Data analysis employed visual analysis techniques within conditions and between conditions. The results indicated a significant clinical reduction, with the subject’s average daily cigarette consumption decreasing from 12.6 cigarettes during the initial baseline phase (A1) to 11.2 cigarettes during the first intervention phase (B1), 8.8 cigarettes during the second intervention phase (B2), and stabilized at a low level with an average of 7.4 cigarettes during the final baseline phase (A2). The presence of a peer group was found to act as a discriminative stimulus (SD) that triggered a spike in consumption; however, the use of successive approximations successfully built the subjects’ self-control. The persistence of smoking frequency at a low level during the withdrawal phase (A2) demonstrates behavioral maintenance through the internalization of intrinsic reinforcers. Thus, shaping techniques are significantly effective in reducing students’ smoking frequency and facilitating lasting behavioral change.