Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Bias and Islamic Ethics According to Nurcholish Madjid: Formulating Inclusivity, Religious Humanism, and Substantive Justice as an Ethical Framework for AI

Shodiqin

doi:10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.4781

Shodiqin Universitas Paramadina, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.4781

Keywords: Algorithmic Bias, Artificial Intelligence, Islamic Ethics, Nurcholish Madjid, Religious Humanism

Abstract

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about significant transformations in various aspects of life, ranging from public services, education, and healthcare to the economic sector. However, various studies indicate that AI systems are not always neutral. The phenomenon of algorithmic bias demonstrates that AI can reproduce and even reinforce social injustice through discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity, or specific social groups. Most studies on algorithmic bias are still dominated by Western ethical approaches that focus on the principles of fairness, accountability, transparency, and responsible AI, while contemporary Islamic ethical perspectives remain relatively limited. This study aims to analyze algorithmic bias from the perspective of Nurcholish Madjid’s Islamic ethics, focusing on three main concepts: inclusivity, religious humanism, and substantive justice. This study is a literature review (library research) employing a philosophical and conceptual approach. Primary data were drawn from the works of Nurcholish Madjid, while secondary data were drawn from the literature on AI ethics, algorithmic bias, and technological justice. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis. The research findings indicate that Nurcholish Madjid’s philosophy holds strong relevance in addressing the issue of algorithmic bias. The principle of inclusivity offers a critique of algorithmic discrimination and digital exclusion; religious humanism serves as the foundation for the development of human-centered AI that respects human dignity; while substantive justice provides a framework for evaluating the social impact of AI that goes beyond procedural justice. This research has resulted in the formulation of an AI ethics model based on Nurcholish Madjid’s thought, built upon three main pillars: inclusivity, religious humanism, and substantive justice as a conceptual contribution to the development of Islamic AI ethics that is fair, inclusive, and humanistic.

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