Parasite Density of Plasmodium Falciparum and Lymphocyte Profile in Hospitalized Falciparum Malaria Patients at Jayapura Regional General Hospital, 2024–2025
Keywords:
Parasite density, Lymphocyte, Falciparum malaria, Inpatients, Plasmodium falciparum
Abstract
Background: Falciparum malaria remains a serious clinical threat in Papua because the increasing burden of Plasmodium falciparum parasites can worsen the immune response and disrupt the hematological profile of hospitalized patients. Objective: This study aims to analyze the association between Plasmodium falciparum parasite density and lymphocyte percentage in hospitalized falciparum malaria patients at Jayapura Regional General Hospital during 2024–2025. Methods: The study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach based on medical record data. Samples were obtained through total sampling, from an initial population of 603 to 525 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed descriptively and bivariately using the Spearman correlation test. Results: Most patients were adults, 322 people (61.3%), male, 275 people (52.4%), with a mean total lymphocyte percentage of 19.086±10.79%. The Spearman test showed a weak negative correlation between parasite density and lymphocyte percentage (r=-0.199; p<0.001). Conclusion: An increase in parasite burden tends to be accompanied by a decrease in lymphocyte percentage. This study provides preliminary local evidence on the immune-hematological profile of hospitalized falciparum malaria based on two years of hospital data in the endemic region of Papua, relevant for strengthening local clinical malaria laboratory interpretation.
References
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Antwi-Baffour, S., Mensah, B. T., Ahiakonu, S. A., Armah, D. N. O., Ali-Mustapha, S., & Annison, L. (2024). Evaluation of immunophenotypic alterations of peripheral blood lymphocytes and their sub-sets in uncomplicated P. Falciparum infection. BMC Immunology, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-024-00638-8
Antwi-Baffour, S., Mensah, B. T., & Annison, L. (2025). Overview of the host immune response to P. falciparum malaria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 49(3), 548–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-025-01802-6
Ashar, Y. K., Lauchan, A. M., & Safira, P. (2025). RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MALARIA INCIDENCE IN PAPUA, INDONESIA. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 17(3), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.287-293
Asmerom, H., Yalew, A., & Getaneh, Z. (2020). Hematological profiles of malaria infected adult patients in Raya Alamata Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Clinical Laboratory, 66(11), 2149–2158. https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200251
Bohli, J. K., Kwadzokpui, P. K., Ansah, P. B., Kwamena, T. E., Allotey, E., Duneeh, R. V, Womzam, A. S. P., & Ablordey, K. (2026). Age and sex specific biomarker profiling of malaria infection in Ghana: Implications for demographic-tailored clinical management. Scientific African, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2026.e03310
Boushab, B. M., Salem, M. S. O. A., Boukhary, A. O. M. S., Parola, P., & Basco, L. (2021). Clinical features and mortality associated with severe malaria in adults in southern mauritania. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010001
Cuamba, I., Santano, R., Grau-Pujol, B., Vidal, M., Aguilar, R., Cossa, A., Jairoce, C., Mejia, R., Nhabomba, A., Muñoz, J., Moncunill, G., & Dobaño, C. (2026). Helminth coinfections mitigate clinical, parasitological, and immune outcomes in Mozambican children with malaria. BMC Medicine, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-04827-7
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Douglas, N. M., Lampah, D. A., Kenangalem, E., Simpson, J. A., Poespoprodjo, J. R., Sugiarto, P., Anstey, N. M., & Price, R. N. (2013). Major Burden of Severe Anemia from Non-Falciparum Malaria Species in Southern Papua: A Hospital-Based Surveillance Study. PLoS Medicine, 10(12), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001575
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Fadilah, I., Djaafara, B. A., Lestari, K. D., Fajariyani, S. B., Sunandar, E., Makamur, B. G., Wopari, B., Mabui, S., Ekawati, L. L., Sagara, R., Lina, R. N., Argana, G., Ginting, D. E., Sumiwi, M. E., Laihad, F. J., Mueller, I., McVernon, J., Baird, J. K., Surendra, H., & Elyazar, I. R. F. (2022). Quantifying spatial heterogeneity of malaria in the endemic Papua region of Indonesia: Analysis of epidemiological surveillance data. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 5, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100051
Fauziah, N., Jososudarmo, L. H., Sujatmiko, B., Nugraha, N. F., & Hutagalung, J. (2026). Malaria Cases in Jayapura District, Mimika District, and Jayapura City, Papua 2023. Kemas, 21(3), 680–695. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v21i3.18045
Hodson, D. Z., Mbarga Etoundi, Y., Mbatou Nghokeng, N., Mohamadou Poulibe, R., Magne Djoko, S., Goodwin, J., Cheteug Nguesta, G., Nganso, T., Armstrong, J. N., Andrews, J. J., Zhang, E., Wade, M., Eboumbou Moukoko, C. E., Boum, Y., & Parikh, S. (2022). Clinical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum infection among symptomatic patients presenting to a major urban military hospital in Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04315-2
Jiero, S., & Pasaribu, A. (2021). Haematological profile of children with malaria in Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. Malaria Journal, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03638-w
Konadu, E. A., Obese, A. O., Danso-Coffie, C. K., Addison, T., Kyei-Baafour, E., Obiri, D., Amoah, L. E., Kusi, K. A., Gyan, B., & Oduro, D. (2026). Reevaluating malaria severity metrics: insights from PfHRP2-derived biomass estimates in Ghanaian children. Malaria Journal , 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-05804-4
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Lusiyana, N. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Malaria in Iwaka District, Mimika, Papua. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 56(4), 493–500. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85217124801&partnerID=40&md5=1a8cdc1c805e609feabdf6f151ca8717
Matambisso, G., Brokhattingen, N., Maculuve, S., Cisteró, P., Mbeve, H., Escoda, A., Miguel, J., Buetas, E., de Jong, I., Cuna, B., Melembe, C., Ndimande, N., Porras, G., Chen, H., Tetteh, K. K. A., Drakeley, C., Gamain, B., Chitnis, C., Chauhan, V., … Mayor, A. (2022). Gravidity and malaria trends interact to modify P. falciparum densities and detectability in pregnancy: a 3-year prospective multi-site observational study. BMC Medicine, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02597-6
Morang’a, C. M., Drake, R. S., Miao, V. N., Nyakoe, N. K., Amuzu, D. S. Y., Appiah, V., Aniweh, Y., Bediako, Y., Bah, S. Y., Shalek, A. K., Awandare, G. A., Otto, T. D., & Amenga-Etego, L. (2024). scRNA-seq reveals elevated interferon responses and TNF-α signaling via NFkB in monocytes in children with uncomplicated malaria. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 249. https://doi.org/10.3389/ebm.2024.10233
Ngutu, M., Omia, D. O., Ngage, T. O., Oduor, C. A., Ouko, N. O., Oingo, B., Oluoch, I., Kariuki, S., Chikovore, J., Onyango-Ouma, W., & Bukachi, S. A. (2025). Gender-related factors affecting community malaria-related perceptions and practices in Migori County, Kenya. Malaria Journal , 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05336-3
Nugraha, G., Arianto, M. F., Akbar, H., Flour, E. L., & Etnis, B. R. (2025). Correlation between Plasmodium parasite density and leukocyte count in malaria patients. Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.37897/RJID.2025.1.10
Onohuean, H., Onohuean, F. E., & Ayogu, E. E. (2023). Association between hemoglobin variants and laboratory outcomes in patients infected with P. falciparum from South West Uganda. Future Science OA, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2022-0067
Saleh, A. G., Shehab, A. Y., Abdul-Ghani, R., Allam, A. F., Osman, M. M., Ibrahim, H. S., El-Taweel, H. A., Moneer, E. A., Hagras, N. A.-E., & Farag, H. F. (2023). Key cytokines and hematological parameters in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Hodeidah, Yemen. Cytokine, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156156
Sharma, I., Kataria, P., & Das, J. (2024). Cerebral malaria pathogenesis: Dissecting the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells as major effectors in disease pathology. International Reviews of Immunology, 43(5), 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2024.2336539
Sumbele, I. U. N., Otia, O. V, Francis, L., Bopda, O. S. M., Ebai, C. B., Ning, T. R., Kimbi, H. K. K., & Nkuo-Akenji, T. (2021). Confounding influences of malnutrition and Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium infections on haematological parameters in school children in Muyuka, Cameroon. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06201-9
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Published
2026-07-07
How to Cite
Rahayu, A. S., Suma, D. B. K., Howay, L., Djitmau, A. S. I., Djitmau, A. S. I., Djawa, F. M., & M, N. (2026). Parasite Density of Plasmodium Falciparum and Lymphocyte Profile in Hospitalized Falciparum Malaria Patients at Jayapura Regional General Hospital, 2024–2025. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(03), 4118-4134. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.5057
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