How Family Social Support Builds Resilience among Mothers in Home-Based Industries
Keywords:
Family Social Support, Home-Based Industries, Optimism, Resilience, Working Mothers
Abstract
Mothers working in home-based industries face overlapping occupational, economic, and domestic demands that may affect their capacity to recover from stressful experiences. Family social support may strengthen resilience directly and indirectly by developing positive psychological resources, particularly optimism. This study examined the mediating role of optimism in the relationship between family social support and resilience among mothers working in home-based industries in West Sumatra. A quantitative survey design was employed involving 200 participants recruited through snowball sampling. Resilience was measured using the Brief Resilience Scale, family social support using the Perceived Social Support-Family Scale, and optimism using the Life Orientation Test-Revised. Data were analyzed using regression analysis and the PROCESS macro Model 4 with a bootstrapping procedure. The findings showed that family social support positively predicted resilience and optimism, while optimism positively predicted resilience. The indirect effect of family social support on resilience through optimism was significant, with an effect value of .0517 and a 95% bootstrap confidence interval ranging from .0266 to .0776. The direct effect remained significant after optimism was included in the model, indicating partial mediation. These findings demonstrate that resilience among mothers working in home-based industries is strengthened through the interaction between family support and positive future expectations. Programs supporting women in informal employment should therefore integrate family involvement, practical assistance, and psychological capacity-building.
References
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Miranda, J. O., & Cruz, R. N. C. (2022). Resilience mediates the relationship between optimism and well-being among Filipino university students. Current Psychology, 41(5), 3185–3194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00806-0
Muhammad, S., Kong, X., Saqib, S. E., & Beutell, N. J. (2021). Entrepreneurial Income and Wellbeing: Women’s Informal Entrepreneurship in a Developing Context. Sustainability, 13(18), 10262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810262
Newman, A., Dunwoodie, K., Jiang, Z., & Nielsen, I. (2022). Openness to Experience and the Career Adaptability of Refugees: How Do Career Optimism and Family Social Support Matter? Journal of Career Assessment, 30(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727211041532
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Phi Huynh, H., Reiss, J., & Sanchez, R. (2024). The relative importance of dispositional optimism and resilience in predicting stress. Current Psychology, 43(48), 36660–36672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-07046-6
Prakoso, S., & Dewi, J. (2023). Spatial Characteristics of Home as Workplace: Investigation of Home-Based Enterprise in Several Housing Typologies in Indonesia. Built Environment, 49(3), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.397
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
Rakap, S., & Vural‐Batik, M. (2024). Mitigating the impact of family burden on psychological health in parents of children with special needs: Buffering effects of resilience and social support. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.13179
Riantoputra, C. D., & Muis, I. (2020). New Insights on Psychological Factors for the Development of Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422320907045
Sağar, M. E., & Ateş, B. (2026). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between perceived family social support and general life satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1862015
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing Optimism From Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. In Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. (Vol. 67, Number 6, pp. 1063–1078).
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sundayani, Y., Nurwati, R. N., Rusyidi, B., & Fahrudin, A. (2024). The Influence of Family Social Support on Resilience of Adolescent Children of International Migrant Workers. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(4), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3475
Suud, F. M., Agilkaya-Sahin, Z., Na’Imah, T., Azhar, M., & Kibtiyah, M. (2024). The impact of family social support on academic resilience in Indonesian and Turkish students: the mediating role of self-regulated learning. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2361725
Wu, S., Liu, F., Duan, X., & Mei, X. (2025). Parenting stress and positive mental health among parents of children with special needs: A moderated serial mediation model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 162, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105022
Zou, R., Xu, X., Hong, X., & Yuan, J. (2020). Higher Socioeconomic Status Predicts Less Risk of Depression in Adolescence: Serial Mediating Roles of Social Support and Optimism. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01955
Cameron, L. (2023). Gender Equality and Development: Indonesia in a Global Context. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(2), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2023.2229476
Charina, A., Kusumo, R. A. B., & Hapsari, H. (2024). The Role of Empowerment in Improving the Performance of Food-Based Informal Industries in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8). https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.4951
Dadheech, R., & Sharma, D. (2023). Home-based work or non-home-based work? Factors influencing work choices of women in the informal sector. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 43(1/2), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2021-0200
Dey, N. E. Y., & Amponsah, B. (2020). Sources of perceived social support on resilience amongst parents raising children with special needs in Ghana. Heliyon, 6(11), e05569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05569
Egozi Farkash, H., Lahad, M., Hobfoll, S. E., Leykin, D., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2022). Conservation of Resources, Psychological Distress, and Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Public Health, 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604567
Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, Social Support, and Well-Being in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y
Fong, V., Gardiner, E., & Iarocci, G. (2021). Satisfaction with informal supports predicts resilience in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 25(2), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320962677
Gloor, J. L. (2021). Maternal Optimism: Forging Positive Paths Through Work and Motherhood. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 20(4), 612–615. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2021.0118
Hanim, M. A. F., Efendi, Z., & Setiyawati, F. (2025). Psychological Distress Due to Political Demonstrations in Indonesia’s Democracy. Jurnal Community: Pengawas Dinamika Sosial, 11, 116–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35308/jcpds.v11i2.13936
Hanim, M. A. F., Efendi, Z., Siregar, R., Setiyawati, F., & Nafia, Y. (2026). The Ambivalence of Acceptance : Nrimo , Governmentality , and the Hidden Transcripts of Workplace Power. IAS Journal of Localities, 3(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v3i2.219
Hazan-Liran, B., & Levkovich, I. (2025). The Weight of Loneliness: Family Resilience and Social Support Among Parents of Children with and Without Special Needs. Social Sciences, 14(9), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14090531
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989a). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989b). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E. (2010). Conservation of Resources Theory: Its Implication for Stress, Health, and Resilience. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0007
Horwood, C., Haskins, L., Hinton, R., Connolly, C., Luthuli, S., & Rollins, N. (2021). Addressing the interaction between food insecurity, depression risk and informal work: findings of a cross-sectional survey among informal women workers with young children in South Africa. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01147-7
Hung, Y. W., Gallo, J. J., Tol, W., Syokau, R., & Bachani, A. M. (2020). Distress and resilience among unintentional injuries survivors in Kenya: A qualitative study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 65(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000289
Kadir, A., Wirawan, H., Salam, R., & Zahra, N. S. (2024). Working Mothers in Indonesian Public Organizations: Investigating the Effect of Work-Family Conflict on Positive Discipline Parenting Via Well-being. Journal of Applied Social Science, 18(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/19367244231196782
Miranda, J. O., & Cruz, R. N. C. (2022). Resilience mediates the relationship between optimism and well-being among Filipino university students. Current Psychology, 41(5), 3185–3194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00806-0
Muhammad, S., Kong, X., Saqib, S. E., & Beutell, N. J. (2021). Entrepreneurial Income and Wellbeing: Women’s Informal Entrepreneurship in a Developing Context. Sustainability, 13(18), 10262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810262
Newman, A., Dunwoodie, K., Jiang, Z., & Nielsen, I. (2022). Openness to Experience and the Career Adaptability of Refugees: How Do Career Optimism and Family Social Support Matter? Journal of Career Assessment, 30(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727211041532
Ojo, A. O., Fawehinmi, O., & Yusliza, M. Y. (2021). Examining the Predictors of Resilience and Work Engagement during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 13(5), 2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902
Phi Huynh, H., Reiss, J., & Sanchez, R. (2024). The relative importance of dispositional optimism and resilience in predicting stress. Current Psychology, 43(48), 36660–36672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-07046-6
Prakoso, S., & Dewi, J. (2023). Spatial Characteristics of Home as Workplace: Investigation of Home-Based Enterprise in Several Housing Typologies in Indonesia. Built Environment, 49(3), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.397
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
Rakap, S., & Vural‐Batik, M. (2024). Mitigating the impact of family burden on psychological health in parents of children with special needs: Buffering effects of resilience and social support. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.13179
Riantoputra, C. D., & Muis, I. (2020). New Insights on Psychological Factors for the Development of Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422320907045
Sağar, M. E., & Ateş, B. (2026). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between perceived family social support and general life satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1862015
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing Optimism From Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. In Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. (Vol. 67, Number 6, pp. 1063–1078).
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sundayani, Y., Nurwati, R. N., Rusyidi, B., & Fahrudin, A. (2024). The Influence of Family Social Support on Resilience of Adolescent Children of International Migrant Workers. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(4), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3475
Suud, F. M., Agilkaya-Sahin, Z., Na’Imah, T., Azhar, M., & Kibtiyah, M. (2024). The impact of family social support on academic resilience in Indonesian and Turkish students: the mediating role of self-regulated learning. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2361725
Wu, S., Liu, F., Duan, X., & Mei, X. (2025). Parenting stress and positive mental health among parents of children with special needs: A moderated serial mediation model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 162, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105022
Zou, R., Xu, X., Hong, X., & Yuan, J. (2020). Higher Socioeconomic Status Predicts Less Risk of Depression in Adolescence: Serial Mediating Roles of Social Support and Optimism. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01955
Published
2026-08-15
How to Cite
Difa, A. A., & Izzaty, R. E. (2026). How Family Social Support Builds Resilience among Mothers in Home-Based Industries. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(03), 7546-7561. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.5594
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
