Risk Management Analysis for Flood and Inundation Mitigation in Pasuruan City

Kadar Usman; Lalu Mulyadi; Erni Yulianti

doi:10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.5873

Kadar Usman Master of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Malang, Indonesia
Lalu Mulyadi Master of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Malang, Indonesia
Erni Yulianti Master of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Malang, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.5873

Keywords: Flood risk management, AS/NZS 4360:2004, Flood mitigation, Risk assessment, Probability, Consequence, Pasuruan City.

Abstract

Flooding and inundation are recurring disasters in Pasuruan City due to its low-lying topography, high rainfall, tidal influences, and the overflow of the Welang, Petung, and Gembong Rivers. This study aims to analyze flood risks, evaluate mitigation measures, and formulate strategies to minimize flood impacts using the AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk Management framework. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach by collecting primary data through questionnaires distributed to 50 respondents representing local communities, government agencies, and technical stakeholders, complemented by secondary data from relevant institutions. Risk assessment was conducted by evaluating the Probability and Consequence of identified flood-related hazards and calculating the risk index using the formula Risk = Probability × Consequence. The results indicate that all identified risk factors fall within the High Risk category. The highest-priority risks include inadequate river normalization, insufficient drainage capacity, drainage blockage by waste, low topography, and river sedimentation. The study recommends integrated flood mitigation through regular river normalization, drainage system improvement, land-use control, infrastructure maintenance, inter-agency coordination, and enhanced community participation to reduce flood risks in Pasuruan City.

References

Aerts, J. C. J. H., Botzen, W. J. W., Emanuel, K., Lin, N., de Moel, H., & Michel-Kerjan, E. O. (2014). Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities. Science, 344(6183), 473–475.
Apel, H., Merz, B., & Thieken, A. H. (2008). Quantification of uncertainties in flood risk assessments. International Journal of River Basin Management, 6(2), 149–162.
Australian/New Zealand Standards. (2004). AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk management. Standards Australia International Ltd.
Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., & Mays, L. W. (1988). Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill.
Dordi, T., Henstra, D., & Thistlethwaite, J. (2022). Flood risk management and governance: A bibliometric review of the literature. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 15(2), Article e12797. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12797
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2021). Flood risk management guidance. FEMA.
Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J., & Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 802–806.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Jongman, B., Ward, P. J., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2012). Global exposure to river and coastal flooding. Global Environmental Change, 22(4), 823–835.
Kodoatie, R. J. (2013). Rekayasa dan manajemen banjir kota. Andi.
Kodoatie, R. J., & Sjarief, R. (2010). Tata ruang air. Andi.
Merz, B., Hall, J., Disse, M., & Schumann, A. (2010). Fluvial flood risk management in a changing world. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(3), 509–527.
Mundra, I. W., Yuwono, E., Roostrianawaty, N., & Wulandari, L. K. (2023). Replanning the drainage system in residential area. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 8(1), 175–178.
Penning-Rowsell, E. C., & Becker, M. (Eds.). (2019). Flood risk management: Global case studies of governance, policy and communities. Routledge.
Plate, E. J. (2002). Flood risk and flood management. Journal of Hydrology, 267(1–2), 2–11.
Purbawijaya, I. B. N. (2011). Manajemen risiko penanganan banjir pada sistem jaringan drainase di wilayah Kota Denpasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, 15(1), 81–89.
Purwanti, H., & Pontiawaty, I. (2013). Manajemen risiko pada pengendalian banjir Sungai Ciliwung. Jurnal Teknologi, 7(2), 21–32.
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill.
Soewarno. (1995). Hidrologi: Aplikasi metode statistik untuk analisis data. Nova.
Sosrodarsono, S., & Takeda, K. (2003). Hydrology for irrigation (Indonesian ed.). Pradnya Paramita.
Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2004). AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk management. Standards Australia International Ltd.
Suripin. (2004). Sistem drainase perkotaan yang berkelanjutan. Andi.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. United Nations.
Wiering, M., MacAfee, E., Saharan, T., Damm, M., Irvan, M., Priadi, C. R., Kaufmann, M., Rakhmani, I., & de Jong, E. (2025). Recognising floods, recognising people? Flood risk management in riverfront urban kampongs of Indonesia. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 18(1), Article e13014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.13014
World Bank. (2012). Cities and flooding: A guide to integrated urban flood risk management for the 21st century. World Bank.