The Influence Of Sack And Engklek Racing Games On Gross Motor Ability Grade Iv Elementary School Students In Trenggalek District
Keywords:
: sack racing game, knuckle game, gross motor skills, traditional game, elementary school.
Abstract
Abstract
The Effect of Sack Racing Games and Engklek Games on the Gross Motor Skills of Grade IV Elementary School Students in Trenggalek District.Gross motor skills are the basis for mastering movement skills that support physical activity, physical fitness, and student development. The results of observations show that the coordination, balance, agility, and speed of grade IV elementary school students in Trenggalek District have not developed optimally. This study aims to analyze the influence of sack racing games, the influence of engklek games, and the difference in the influence of the two games compared to ordinary PJOK learning on students' gross motor skills. This study uses a quasi experiment method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample amounted to 32 students, consisting of 14 students of SDN 1 Ngantru as the experimental group I, 9 students of SDN 2 Ngares as the experimental group II, and 9 students of SDN 3 Dawuhan as the control group. The research instrument used a Motor Ability Test which included shuttle run, tennis ball throw to the wall, stork stand positional balance, and 30-meter sprint. It was concluded that sack racing games and engklek games were effective in improving the gross motor skills of elementary school students.
References
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Hambali, S. (2019). Implementation of playing methods in volleyball bottom passing learning in elementary schools. Perspectives on Education, 33(1), 27–32.
Harsono. (2018). Physical Condition Exercise. Teenager Rosdakarya.
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Jaakkola, T., Yli-Piipari, S., Huotari, P., Watt, A., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(17), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1134803
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Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Wilson, A. E., & Lucas, W. A. (2018). Getting the fundamentals of movement: A meta-analysis of motor skill interventions in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(6), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12515
Lopes, L., Santos, R., Coelho-e-Silva, M., Draper, C., Mota, J., Jidovtseff, B., Clark, C., Schmidt, M., Morgan, P., Duncan, M., O'Brien, W., Bentsen, P., D'Hondt, E., Houwen, S., Stratton, G., De Martelaer, K., Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C., García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., ... Agostinis-Sobrinho, C. (2021). A narrative review of motor competence in children and adolescents: What we know and what we need to find out. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010018
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Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Scott, H. A., Cohen, K. E., & Lubans, D. R. (2021). Fundamental movement skill interventions in youth. Pediatrics, 148(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-051361
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Ng, K., Webster, E. K., De Meester, A., Fathirezaie, Z., Valentini, N. C., & Brian, A. (2020). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity. Sports, 8(5), section 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8050077
Nurdiana, R. (2023). The use of game-based learning methods on gross motor skills in early childhood. Thufuli: Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 1(2), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.62070/thufuli.v1i2.25
Nurdin, I., & Hartati, S. (2019). Social research methodology. Media Friends of Scholars.
Nurhasan. (2007). Exercise tests and measurements. Bandung : Faculty of Sports and Health Education, University of Education Indonesia.
Palmer, K. K., Chinn, K. M., & Robinson, L. E. (2019). The effect of CHAMP intervention on motor skills. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.005
Pramudyanto, Y., Kristiyandaru, A., & Arief, N. A. (2023). The influence of traditional games on students' physical fitness and emotional intelligence. Journal of Physical Health and Exercise (KEJAORA), 8(1), 55–64. https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/kejaora/article/view/2607/1696
Purwantoro, A., Syam T., A. R., Siantoro, G., & Ridwan, M. (2023). The application of ball modification to the bottom passing of volleyballs. Sports Window, 8(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v8i1.14128
Rahyubi, H. (2012). Learning theories and applications of motor learning. Nusa Media.
Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System. Statute Book of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2003 No. 78.
Rizyanto, F., Syafrial, S., & Yarmani, Y. (2018). The effect of speed and agility training on the throwing and catching of the casti ball. Kinesthetics: Scientific Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 145–152.
Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., & D'Hondt, E. (2020). Motor competence and positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Medicine, 50(9), 1535–1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01258-1
Salman, E., & Darsi, H. (2020). Development of movement activities based on game modifications. Sports Tracks, 4(1), 47–60.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Motor learning and performance (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Sepriadi, S. (2020). A game model for the physical fitness of elementary school students. UNP Press.
Sudirjo, E., & Alif, M. N. (2018). Motor growth and development. Upside down Press.
Sugiyono. (2023). Quantitative research methods. Alphabet.
Sukamti, E. R. (2018). Motor development. UNY Press.
Valentini, N. C., Logan, S. W., Spessato, B. C., De Souza, M. S., Pereira, K. G., & Rudisill, M. E. (2016). Fundamental motor skills across childhood. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1214813
Veldman, S. L. C., Jones, R. A., & Okely, A. D. (2019). Gross motor skill interventions in young children. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), Article e000427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000427
Wahyudi, A. N., Purnama, N. E., & Prayoga, A. S. (2021). The effect of plastic ball modification on volleyball bottom passing skills.Altius: Journal of Exercise and Health Sciences, 10(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.36706/altius.v10i2.15956
Widodo, P. (2021). Profile of the motor ability of elementary school upperclassmen. Journal of Sports Science, 4(2), 52–61.
Winarsih, W. E. (2021). Children's physical development, problems and their handling. Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 8, 55–68.
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Yudanto. (2021). Stimulation of basic movement through play. UNY Press.
Yudaparmita, G. N. A., & Adnyana, K. S. (2021). Efforts to improve gross motor skills through traditional games in students. Education: Journal of Basic Education, 2(2), 183–190.
Arikunto, S. (2019). Research procedure: A practical approach. Rineka Cipta.
Ariyanto, Triansyah, A., & Gustian, U. (2020). The use of traditional games to improve the fundamental movement skills of elementary school students. Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 16(1), 78–91.
Azwar, S. (2018). Psychological research methods (2nd ed.). Student Library.
Bafirman, H. B., & Wahyuni, A. S. (2019). Formation of physical conditions. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Bagia, I. M. (2020). Correlation of arm length and arm muscle strength to the distance of the sideways discus throw at Ganesha Junior High School Denpasar. Journal of Recreational Health Education, 6(1), 108–118.
Barnett, L. M., Lai, S. K., Veldman, S. L. C., Hardy, L. L., Cliff, D. P., Morgan, P. J., Zask, A., Lubans, D. R., Shultz, S. P., Ridgers, N. D., Rush, E., Brown, H. L., & Okely, A. D. (2022). Correlates of gross motor competence in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 531–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01590-8
Barnett, L. M., Webster, E. K., Hulteen, R. M., De Meester, A., Valentini, N. C., Lenoir, M., Pesce, C., Getchell, N., Lopes, V. P., Robinson, L. E., Brian, A., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2022). Through the looking glass: A systematic review of longitudinal evidence providing insight into motor competence and health. Sports Medicine, 52(4), 875–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01516-4
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O'Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O'Brien, W., Lacey, S., Burns, C., & Bardid, F. (2021). Global levels of fundamental movement skills in children: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(7), 717–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405
Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. G. (2019). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Human Kinetics.
Brian, A., Bardid, F., Barnett, L. M., Deconinck, F. J. A., Lenoir, M., & Goodway, J. D. (2019). Actual and perceived motor competence levels of children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(17), 1969–1976. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1604935
Budiwanto. (2017). Statistical methods for processing sports data. State University of Malang Press.
Cattuzzo, M. T., dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H. N., Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., De Sousa Moura, M., De Araújo, R. C., & Stodden, D. F. (2016). Motor competence and health-related physical fitness in youth. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.004
Cheong, J. P. G., & Hussain, B. (2024). Practicing traditional cultural games skills according to random and game-based practice schedules can improve gross motor skills performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1405635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1405635
Darmawati, N. B., & Widyasari, C. (2022). Traditional games in improving gross motor skills in early childhood. Journal of Obsession: Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(6), 6827–6836. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i6.3487
Darwin, M., Mamondol, M. R., Sormin, S. A., Nurhayati, H., & Sylvia, D. (2020). Research methods with a quantitative approach. Indonesian Science Media.
De Meester, A., Barnett, L. M., Brian, A., Bowe, S. J., Jiménez-Díaz, J., Van Duyse, F., Irwin, J. M., Stodden, D. F., D'Hondt, E., Lenoir, M., & Haerens, L. (2020). The relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in children, adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 2001–2049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01336-2
Demit. (2018). Developmental psychology. Teenager Rosdakarya.
Duncan, M. J., Eyre, E. L. J., Bryant, E., & Birch, S. L. (2022). Relationships between motor competence and physical activity in children. Children, 9(5), Article 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050698
Estevan, I., Molina-García, J., Queralt, A., & Álvarez, O. (2022). Motor competence and health-related outcomes in children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), Article 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031258
Fauzi, H., Yusnita, Y., Kencana, R., Ningrum, S., & Kurniawan, N. A. (2022). Early childhood motor development with play methods. Ash-Shibyan Partners, 5(1), 47–60.
Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. D. (2021). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, and adults (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Hambali, S. (2019). Implementation of playing methods in volleyball bottom passing learning in elementary schools. Perspectives on Education, 33(1), 27–32.
Harsono. (2018). Physical Condition Exercise. Teenager Rosdakarya.
Hayati, F., Neviyarni, & Irdamurni. (2021). Developmental characteristics of elementary school students: A literature review. Journal of Tambusai Education, 5(1), 1809–1815.
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Hussain, B., & Cheong, J. P. G. (2022). Improving gross motor skills of children through traditional games skills practiced along the contextual interference continuum. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 986403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986403
Ibrahim, A., Alang, A. H., Madi, M., Baharudin, B., Ahmad, M. A., & Darmawati. (2018). Research methodology. Gunadarma Ilmu.
Irianto, D. P. (2018). The basics of sports training to become a champion athlete. The Tree of Light.
Jaakkola, T., Yli-Piipari, S., Huotari, P., Watt, A., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(17), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1134803
Kiram, Y. (2019). Learn motor skills. Kencana.
Lloyd, R. S., & Smith, S. (2019). Physical literacy. In C. D. Ennis (Ed.), Routledge handbook of physical education pedagogies (pp. 226–239). Routledge.
Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Wilson, A. E., & Lucas, W. A. (2018). Getting the fundamentals of movement: A meta-analysis of motor skill interventions in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(6), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12515
Lopes, L., Santos, R., Coelho-e-Silva, M., Draper, C., Mota, J., Jidovtseff, B., Clark, C., Schmidt, M., Morgan, P., Duncan, M., O'Brien, W., Bentsen, P., D'Hondt, E., Houwen, S., Stratton, G., De Martelaer, K., Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C., García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., ... Agostinis-Sobrinho, C. (2021). A narrative review of motor competence in children and adolescents: What we know and what we need to find out. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010018
Magill, R. A., & Anderson, D. I. (2021). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Maryati, L., Kristiyandaru, A., & Arief, N. A. (2023). The influence of traditional games on the gross motor skills of elementary school students. Bravo's: Journal of Physical Education and Health Study Program, 11(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.32682/bravos.v11i1.2945
Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Scott, H. A., Cohen, K. E., & Lubans, D. R. (2021). Fundamental movement skill interventions in youth. Pediatrics, 148(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-051361
Murti, T. (2018). Physical, motor and perceptual development and its implications for learning in elementary school. Elementary School Vehicles, 26(1), 21–28.
Grass. (2021). Characteristics of children age of basic education. Journal of Basic Education, 3(1), 114–131.
Ng, K., Webster, E. K., De Meester, A., Fathirezaie, Z., Valentini, N. C., & Brian, A. (2020). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity. Sports, 8(5), section 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8050077
Nurdiana, R. (2023). The use of game-based learning methods on gross motor skills in early childhood. Thufuli: Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 1(2), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.62070/thufuli.v1i2.25
Nurdin, I., & Hartati, S. (2019). Social research methodology. Media Friends of Scholars.
Nurhasan. (2007). Exercise tests and measurements. Bandung : Faculty of Sports and Health Education, University of Education Indonesia.
Palmer, K. K., Chinn, K. M., & Robinson, L. E. (2019). The effect of CHAMP intervention on motor skills. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.005
Pramudyanto, Y., Kristiyandaru, A., & Arief, N. A. (2023). The influence of traditional games on students' physical fitness and emotional intelligence. Journal of Physical Health and Exercise (KEJAORA), 8(1), 55–64. https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/kejaora/article/view/2607/1696
Purwantoro, A., Syam T., A. R., Siantoro, G., & Ridwan, M. (2023). The application of ball modification to the bottom passing of volleyballs. Sports Window, 8(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v8i1.14128
Rahyubi, H. (2012). Learning theories and applications of motor learning. Nusa Media.
Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System. Statute Book of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2003 No. 78.
Rizyanto, F., Syafrial, S., & Yarmani, Y. (2018). The effect of speed and agility training on the throwing and catching of the casti ball. Kinesthetics: Scientific Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 145–152.
Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., & D'Hondt, E. (2020). Motor competence and positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Medicine, 50(9), 1535–1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01258-1
Salman, E., & Darsi, H. (2020). Development of movement activities based on game modifications. Sports Tracks, 4(1), 47–60.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Motor learning and performance (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Sepriadi, S. (2020). A game model for the physical fitness of elementary school students. UNP Press.
Sudirjo, E., & Alif, M. N. (2018). Motor growth and development. Upside down Press.
Sugiyono. (2023). Quantitative research methods. Alphabet.
Sukamti, E. R. (2018). Motor development. UNY Press.
Valentini, N. C., Logan, S. W., Spessato, B. C., De Souza, M. S., Pereira, K. G., & Rudisill, M. E. (2016). Fundamental motor skills across childhood. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1214813
Veldman, S. L. C., Jones, R. A., & Okely, A. D. (2019). Gross motor skill interventions in young children. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), Article e000427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000427
Wahyudi, A. N., Purnama, N. E., & Prayoga, A. S. (2021). The effect of plastic ball modification on volleyball bottom passing skills.Altius: Journal of Exercise and Health Sciences, 10(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.36706/altius.v10i2.15956
Widodo, P. (2021). Profile of the motor ability of elementary school upperclassmen. Journal of Sports Science, 4(2), 52–61.
Winarsih, W. E. (2021). Children's physical development, problems and their handling. Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 8, 55–68.
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. World Health Organization.
Yudanto. (2021). Stimulation of basic movement through play. UNY Press.
Yudaparmita, G. N. A., & Adnyana, K. S. (2021). Efforts to improve gross motor skills through traditional games in students. Education: Journal of Basic Education, 2(2), 183–190.
Published
2026-08-23
How to Cite
Irawan, E., Atrup, & Wasis Himawanto. (2026). The Influence Of Sack And Engklek Racing Games On Gross Motor Ability Grade Iv Elementary School Students In Trenggalek District. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(03), 8302-8320. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.6216
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
