Intellectual Capital, Competitive Advantage, and Financial Performance: A Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Intellectual Capital, Competitive Advantage, Financial Performance, Resource-Based View, Systematic Literature Review.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between intellectual capital, competitive advantage, and financial performance using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. A total of 50 international journal articles were analyzed based on PRISMA guidelines to identify research trends related to intellectual capital dimensions, competitive advantage development, and firm performance. The findings indicate that intellectual capital contributes to strengthening competitive advantage through effective management of knowledge, human resources, organizational capabilities, and external relationships. Based on the Resource-Based View (RBV) perspective, valuable and unique resources can become strategic advantages when properly managed. The study also highlights the role of financial performance in supporting the effectiveness of intellectual capital utilization. This research provides a structured understanding of how intellectual resources contribute to competitive advantage and sustainable firm performance.
References
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Abeysekera, I. (2021). Intellectual capital and knowledge management research towards value creation: From the past to the future. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(6), 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14060238
Adomako, S., Abdelgawad, S. G., Ahsan, M., Amankwah-Amoah, J., & Liedong, T. A. (2023). Nonmarket strategy in emerging markets: The link between SMEs' corporate political activity, corporate social responsibility, and firm competitiveness. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113767
Aljuboori, Z. M., Singh, H., Haddad, H., Al-Ramahi, N. M., & Ali, M. A. (2022). Intellectual capital and firm performance correlation: The mediation role of innovation capability in Malaysian manufacturing SMEs perspective. Sustainability, 14(1), 154. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su14010154
Al-Khoury, A., Hussein, S. A., Abdulwhab, M., Aljuboori, Z. M., Haddad, H., Ali, M. A., Abed, I. A., & Flayyih, H. H. (2022). Intellectual capital history and trends: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database. Sustainability, 14(18), 11615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811615
Astuti, P. D., Datrini, L. K., & Chariri, A. (2023). Understanding the antecedents and consequences of sustainable competitive advantage: Testing intellectual capital and organizational performance. Economies, 11(4), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/econ omies11040120
Bombiak, E. (2023). Effect of green intellectual capital practices on the competitive advantage of companies: Evidence from Polish companies. Sustainability, 15(5), 4050. https://doi. org/10.3390/su15054050
Chen, C.-N., & Lin, J.-Y. (2023). Organizational learning and the evolution of firms' competitive advantage. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 70, 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101780
Fatima, T., Akhtar, M. W., Ejaz, A., Syed, F., Usman, M., & Mouri, N. (2026). Linking strategic leadership to innovation and competitive advantage: The roles of strategic choices and organizational culture in SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 208, 116083. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026. 116083
Gao, Y., Tian, X., & Xu, J. (2024). Intellectual capital, board diversity, and firms' financial performance: A complex systems perspective. Systems, 12(9), 363. https://doi.org/10.33 90/systems12090363
Ghomi, V., Gligor, D., Parast, M., Shokoohyar, S., & Esfahani, M. G. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of customer flexibility: Establishing the link to firm competitive advantage. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jret conser.2021.102609
Gu, S., Ma, J., Wang, K., Zhou, C., Zhang, M., & Wei, Z. (2026). How digital transformation enhances firm performance through capability building: An empirical analysis of Chinese manufacturing firms. Technology in Society, 86, 103288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tec hsoc.2026.103288
Hama, N. O., & Cavusoglu, B. (2023). The sustainability of intellectual capital in enhancing organizational innovation: A case study of Sulaimani Polytechnic University. Sustainability, 15(15), 12068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512 068
Hassanabadi, M. A., & Torabi, S. A. (2026). Balancing coopetition in innovation-driven circular business models: The interplay of environmental welfare and competitive advantages. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 209, 104721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.10 4721
Hossain, M. A., Agnihotri, R., Rushan, M. R. I., Rahman, M. S., & Sumi, S. F. (2022). Marketing analytics capability, artificial intelligence adoption, and firms' competitive advantage: Evidence from the manufacturing industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 106, 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .indmarman.2022.08.017
Htet, Y. W., Mohd Amin, M. R., Septiarini, E., & Wolor, C. W. (2026). Artificial intelligence (AI) and 21st-century sustainable marketing: A dynamic capabilities approach to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Business Research, 2, 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbr.2026.100166
Huang, J., Hu, P., Wang, D., & Wang, Y. (2026). When tone speaks louder: How ESG tone shapes the association between ESG ratings and firm performance. International Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. iref.2026.105797
Kang, H., Chi, S., Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2025). How does the toxic and sustainable index influence on corporate performance? A comparison analysis before and after pandemic. International Review of Economics and Finance, 100, 104120. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.iref.2025.104120
Krstić, B., Bonić, L., Radenović, T., Jovanović Vujatović, M., & Ognjanović, J. (2023). Improving profitability measurement: Impact of intellectual capital efficiency on return on total employed resources in smart and knowledge-intensive companies. Sustainability, 15(15), 12076. https://doi.org/10.3 390/su151512076
Labella-Fernandez, A., Martínez-Egea, C., & Payán-Sánchez, B. (2026). How does entrepreneurial orientation influence firm performance? A moderated mediation model of tacit knowledge and green innovation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 12, 100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025 .100913
Lien, W. C., Chen, T., Chen, J., & Sohl, J. E. (2021). How do financial analysts' recommendations affect firm competitive actions? A rival-centric view. Journal of Business Research, 134, 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusr 2021.05.046
Li, J., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Xue, Y., & Liu, J. (2025). Firms under water! Harmful algal blooms and corporate performance of coastal enterprises in China. Journal of Business Research, 201, 115707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.11 5707
Lin, Z., Patel, A. K., Almasabi, S. S., Battisti, E., & Christofi, M. (2026). Green investment, green expenditure, green revenue, and financial hedging: An empirical analysis of firm performance in G20 countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 90, 103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rib af.2026.103564
Liu, J., & Fang, Y. (2026). Virtual agglomeration, innovation networks and competitive advantage: Empirical evidence from China's digital creative firms. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 80, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.20 26.101965
Liu, N., Xu, Q., & Gao, M. (2024). Digital transformation and tourism listed firm performance in COVID-19 shock. Finance Research Letters, 63, 105398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fr l.2024.105398
Luan, L., Liu, P., & Mei, Y. (2025). The impact of pilot carbon market on firms' performance in China. Energy Economics, 142, 108164. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.eneco.2024.108164
Madhavaram, S., Appan, R., Manis, K. T., & Browne, G. J. (2023). Building capabilities for software development firm competitiveness: The role of intellectual capital and intra-firm relational capital. Information & Management, 60, 103744. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.im.2022.103744
Martins, A. E., & Lopes, A. (2024). Intellectual capital: Revisiting an analytical model. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(11), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17110478
Martinidis, G., Komninos, N., Dyjakon, A., Minta, S., & Hejna, M. (2021). How intellectual capital predicts innovation output in EU regions: Implications for sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(24), 14036. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su132414036
Nguyen, D. T., Tran, V. T., Phan, D. H. B., & Nguyen, Q. T. T. (2025). Unmanaged ESG risks and corporate performance – The impact of management gaps. Finance Research Letters, 83, 107707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025 .107707
Nguyen, N. T. (2023). The impact of intellectual capital on service firm financial performance in emerging countries: The case of Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(9), 7332. https://doi.org/10.3 390/su15097332
Paris, B., Piccoli, G., & Lui, T.-W. (2021). Effective use of online review systems: Congruent managerial responses and firm competitive performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102976
Phonthanukitithaworn, C., Srisathan, W. A., Ketkaew, C., & Naruetharadhol, P. (2023). Sustainable development towards openness SME innovation: Taking advantage of intellectual capital, sustainable initiatives, and open innovation. Sustainability, 15(3), 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032126
Pitre-Cedeño, O. J., & Herrera-Rodríguez, E. E. (2024). Intellectual capital and performance of banking and financial institutions in Panama: An application of the VAIC™ model. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(9), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17090416
Skhvediani, A., Koklina, A., Kudryavtseva, T., & Maksimenko, D. (2023). The impact of intellectual capital on the firm performance of Russian manufacturing companies. Risks, 11(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11 040076
Song, M. (2023). Ownership property, IT investment and firm performance. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 34, 100481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.20 23.100481
Strielkowski, W., Guliyeva, A., Rzayeva, U., Korneeva, E., & Sherstobitova, A. (2021). Mathematical modeling of intellectual capital and business efficiency of small and medium enterprises. Mathematics, 9(18), 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9182305
Sun, W., Guo, Y., & Xie, Y. (2025). Examining the effects of corporate financialization and organizational redundancy on firm performance. International Review of Economics and Finance, 101, 104257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104257
Takeda, M., & Matsubayashi, N. (2026). Direct-to-consumer firms' competitive strategy against a dominant retailer: Opening an experiential physical store vs. specializing in an online store. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 211, 104836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.20 26.104836
Tong, Z., Zhang, B., Wu, Z., & Ma, J. (2026). Managerial myopia and firms' competitive strategies: The inhibitory effect on differentiation. Journal of Business Research, 208, 116087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026. 116087
Wang, T., Peng, Z., Yan, I. K. M., & Shangguan, X. (2026). Data governance, investment resilience, and corporate performance enhancement. International Review of Financial Analysis, 109, 104771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.20 25.104771
Wang, T., Zhao, X., & Wang, X. (2024). Making platform firms' competitive advantage sustainable: The roles of network orchestration capabilities and collaborative innovation. Journal of Business Research, 183, 114854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114854
Xia, H., Chen, H., Zhang, J. Z., & Kamal, M. M. (2026). Exploring the impact of responsible AI governance on corporate performance: A quasi-natural experiment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 223, 124425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025. 124425
Xu, W., & Zuo, X. (2026). Cross-border data risk and firm performance: The moderating role of digital resilience and agility. Journal of International Management, 32, 101350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2026.101350
Zhang, M., Wood, M. O., Wilson, J., & Wu, T. (2025). The impacts of China's ETS on firm competitiveness: Evidence from the power and heat production sector. Global Finance Journal, 64, 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2024.10 1067
Zhang, Q. (2026). Private equity investment, executives' financial background, and firm performance. Finance Research Letters, 99, 109925. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.frl.2026.10 9925.
Zheng, W., Cao, J., Zhao, X., & Triana, M. C. (2026). Power in structure or power in numbers? Women in top management teams and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 216, 116420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.20 26.116420
Zhou, Z., Li, Y., Liu, M., & Tian, T. (2025). Impacts of banking competition on firm performance and the mediating effect of financing constraints. Finance Research Letters, 75(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.106783
Abeysekera, I. (2021). Intellectual capital and knowledge management research towards value creation: From the past to the future. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(6), 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14060238
Adomako, S., Abdelgawad, S. G., Ahsan, M., Amankwah-Amoah, J., & Liedong, T. A. (2023). Nonmarket strategy in emerging markets: The link between SMEs' corporate political activity, corporate social responsibility, and firm competitiveness. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113767
Aljuboori, Z. M., Singh, H., Haddad, H., Al-Ramahi, N. M., & Ali, M. A. (2022). Intellectual capital and firm performance correlation: The mediation role of innovation capability in Malaysian manufacturing SMEs perspective. Sustainability, 14(1), 154. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su14010154
Al-Khoury, A., Hussein, S. A., Abdulwhab, M., Aljuboori, Z. M., Haddad, H., Ali, M. A., Abed, I. A., & Flayyih, H. H. (2022). Intellectual capital history and trends: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database. Sustainability, 14(18), 11615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811615
Astuti, P. D., Datrini, L. K., & Chariri, A. (2023). Understanding the antecedents and consequences of sustainable competitive advantage: Testing intellectual capital and organizational performance. Economies, 11(4), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/econ omies11040120
Bombiak, E. (2023). Effect of green intellectual capital practices on the competitive advantage of companies: Evidence from Polish companies. Sustainability, 15(5), 4050. https://doi. org/10.3390/su15054050
Chen, C.-N., & Lin, J.-Y. (2023). Organizational learning and the evolution of firms' competitive advantage. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 70, 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101780
Fatima, T., Akhtar, M. W., Ejaz, A., Syed, F., Usman, M., & Mouri, N. (2026). Linking strategic leadership to innovation and competitive advantage: The roles of strategic choices and organizational culture in SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 208, 116083. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026. 116083
Gao, Y., Tian, X., & Xu, J. (2024). Intellectual capital, board diversity, and firms' financial performance: A complex systems perspective. Systems, 12(9), 363. https://doi.org/10.33 90/systems12090363
Ghomi, V., Gligor, D., Parast, M., Shokoohyar, S., & Esfahani, M. G. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of customer flexibility: Establishing the link to firm competitive advantage. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jret conser.2021.102609
Gu, S., Ma, J., Wang, K., Zhou, C., Zhang, M., & Wei, Z. (2026). How digital transformation enhances firm performance through capability building: An empirical analysis of Chinese manufacturing firms. Technology in Society, 86, 103288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tec hsoc.2026.103288
Hama, N. O., & Cavusoglu, B. (2023). The sustainability of intellectual capital in enhancing organizational innovation: A case study of Sulaimani Polytechnic University. Sustainability, 15(15), 12068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512 068
Hassanabadi, M. A., & Torabi, S. A. (2026). Balancing coopetition in innovation-driven circular business models: The interplay of environmental welfare and competitive advantages. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 209, 104721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2026.10 4721
Hossain, M. A., Agnihotri, R., Rushan, M. R. I., Rahman, M. S., & Sumi, S. F. (2022). Marketing analytics capability, artificial intelligence adoption, and firms' competitive advantage: Evidence from the manufacturing industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 106, 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .indmarman.2022.08.017
Htet, Y. W., Mohd Amin, M. R., Septiarini, E., & Wolor, C. W. (2026). Artificial intelligence (AI) and 21st-century sustainable marketing: A dynamic capabilities approach to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Business Research, 2, 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbr.2026.100166
Huang, J., Hu, P., Wang, D., & Wang, Y. (2026). When tone speaks louder: How ESG tone shapes the association between ESG ratings and firm performance. International Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. iref.2026.105797
Kang, H., Chi, S., Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2025). How does the toxic and sustainable index influence on corporate performance? A comparison analysis before and after pandemic. International Review of Economics and Finance, 100, 104120. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.iref.2025.104120
Krstić, B., Bonić, L., Radenović, T., Jovanović Vujatović, M., & Ognjanović, J. (2023). Improving profitability measurement: Impact of intellectual capital efficiency on return on total employed resources in smart and knowledge-intensive companies. Sustainability, 15(15), 12076. https://doi.org/10.3 390/su151512076
Labella-Fernandez, A., Martínez-Egea, C., & Payán-Sánchez, B. (2026). How does entrepreneurial orientation influence firm performance? A moderated mediation model of tacit knowledge and green innovation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 12, 100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025 .100913
Lien, W. C., Chen, T., Chen, J., & Sohl, J. E. (2021). How do financial analysts' recommendations affect firm competitive actions? A rival-centric view. Journal of Business Research, 134, 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusr 2021.05.046
Li, J., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Xue, Y., & Liu, J. (2025). Firms under water! Harmful algal blooms and corporate performance of coastal enterprises in China. Journal of Business Research, 201, 115707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.11 5707
Lin, Z., Patel, A. K., Almasabi, S. S., Battisti, E., & Christofi, M. (2026). Green investment, green expenditure, green revenue, and financial hedging: An empirical analysis of firm performance in G20 countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 90, 103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rib af.2026.103564
Liu, J., & Fang, Y. (2026). Virtual agglomeration, innovation networks and competitive advantage: Empirical evidence from China's digital creative firms. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 80, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.20 26.101965
Liu, N., Xu, Q., & Gao, M. (2024). Digital transformation and tourism listed firm performance in COVID-19 shock. Finance Research Letters, 63, 105398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fr l.2024.105398
Luan, L., Liu, P., & Mei, Y. (2025). The impact of pilot carbon market on firms' performance in China. Energy Economics, 142, 108164. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.eneco.2024.108164
Madhavaram, S., Appan, R., Manis, K. T., & Browne, G. J. (2023). Building capabilities for software development firm competitiveness: The role of intellectual capital and intra-firm relational capital. Information & Management, 60, 103744. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.im.2022.103744
Martins, A. E., & Lopes, A. (2024). Intellectual capital: Revisiting an analytical model. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(11), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17110478
Martinidis, G., Komninos, N., Dyjakon, A., Minta, S., & Hejna, M. (2021). How intellectual capital predicts innovation output in EU regions: Implications for sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(24), 14036. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su132414036
Nguyen, D. T., Tran, V. T., Phan, D. H. B., & Nguyen, Q. T. T. (2025). Unmanaged ESG risks and corporate performance – The impact of management gaps. Finance Research Letters, 83, 107707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025 .107707
Nguyen, N. T. (2023). The impact of intellectual capital on service firm financial performance in emerging countries: The case of Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(9), 7332. https://doi.org/10.3 390/su15097332
Paris, B., Piccoli, G., & Lui, T.-W. (2021). Effective use of online review systems: Congruent managerial responses and firm competitive performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102976
Phonthanukitithaworn, C., Srisathan, W. A., Ketkaew, C., & Naruetharadhol, P. (2023). Sustainable development towards openness SME innovation: Taking advantage of intellectual capital, sustainable initiatives, and open innovation. Sustainability, 15(3), 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032126
Pitre-Cedeño, O. J., & Herrera-Rodríguez, E. E. (2024). Intellectual capital and performance of banking and financial institutions in Panama: An application of the VAIC™ model. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(9), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17090416
Skhvediani, A., Koklina, A., Kudryavtseva, T., & Maksimenko, D. (2023). The impact of intellectual capital on the firm performance of Russian manufacturing companies. Risks, 11(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11 040076
Song, M. (2023). Ownership property, IT investment and firm performance. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 34, 100481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.20 23.100481
Strielkowski, W., Guliyeva, A., Rzayeva, U., Korneeva, E., & Sherstobitova, A. (2021). Mathematical modeling of intellectual capital and business efficiency of small and medium enterprises. Mathematics, 9(18), 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9182305
Sun, W., Guo, Y., & Xie, Y. (2025). Examining the effects of corporate financialization and organizational redundancy on firm performance. International Review of Economics and Finance, 101, 104257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104257
Takeda, M., & Matsubayashi, N. (2026). Direct-to-consumer firms' competitive strategy against a dominant retailer: Opening an experiential physical store vs. specializing in an online store. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 211, 104836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.20 26.104836
Tong, Z., Zhang, B., Wu, Z., & Ma, J. (2026). Managerial myopia and firms' competitive strategies: The inhibitory effect on differentiation. Journal of Business Research, 208, 116087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026. 116087
Wang, T., Peng, Z., Yan, I. K. M., & Shangguan, X. (2026). Data governance, investment resilience, and corporate performance enhancement. International Review of Financial Analysis, 109, 104771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.20 25.104771
Wang, T., Zhao, X., & Wang, X. (2024). Making platform firms' competitive advantage sustainable: The roles of network orchestration capabilities and collaborative innovation. Journal of Business Research, 183, 114854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114854
Xia, H., Chen, H., Zhang, J. Z., & Kamal, M. M. (2026). Exploring the impact of responsible AI governance on corporate performance: A quasi-natural experiment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 223, 124425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025. 124425
Xu, W., & Zuo, X. (2026). Cross-border data risk and firm performance: The moderating role of digital resilience and agility. Journal of International Management, 32, 101350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2026.101350
Zhang, M., Wood, M. O., Wilson, J., & Wu, T. (2025). The impacts of China's ETS on firm competitiveness: Evidence from the power and heat production sector. Global Finance Journal, 64, 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2024.10 1067
Zhang, Q. (2026). Private equity investment, executives' financial background, and firm performance. Finance Research Letters, 99, 109925. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.frl.2026.10 9925.
Zheng, W., Cao, J., Zhao, X., & Triana, M. C. (2026). Power in structure or power in numbers? Women in top management teams and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 216, 116420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.20 26.116420
Zhou, Z., Li, Y., Liu, M., & Tian, T. (2025). Impacts of banking competition on firm performance and the mediating effect of financing constraints. Finance Research Letters, 75(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.106783
Published
2026-09-11
How to Cite
Sakinah, S. C., Yusnaini, & Kartasari, S. F. (2026). Intellectual Capital, Competitive Advantage, and Financial Performance: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(04), 738-763. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i04.6503
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
