Childhood Abuse and Bullying as Predictors of Social Anxiety in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parenting Styles
Keywords:
adolescent social anxiety, childhood abuse, bullying, parenting styles, mediation
Abstract
Background: Adolescent social anxiety may be associated with adverse experiences in family and peer environments. However, evidence remains limited regarding the differentiated relationships of specific forms of childhood abuse and bullying with social anxiety and the potential mediating role of multidimensional parenting styles.
Objective: This study examined the associations of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and bullying with adolescent social anxiety and investigated whether parenting styles mediated these relationships.
Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 155 Grade 11 students at SMA Negeri 1 Banguntapan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse were assessed using selected dimensions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form, bullying using the Child and Adolescent Bullying Scale, parenting styles using the Parental Authority Questionnaire, and social anxiety using the anxiety/fear component of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling with bootstrapped indirect effects.
Results: Emotional abuse (β = 0.240, p < 0.001), physical abuse (β = 0.120, p = 0.046), and bullying (β = 0.390, p < 0.001) were positively associated with social anxiety, whereas sexual abuse was not significant (β = 0.070, p = 0.243). Emotional abuse, physical abuse, and bullying were significantly associated with parenting styles, while sexual abuse was not. Parenting styles were positively associated with social anxiety (β = 0.220, p = 0.015). Significant indirect effects were found for emotional abuse, physical abuse, and bullying, but not sexual abuse. The model explained 48.0% of the variance in social anxiety.
Conclusion: Bullying demonstrated the strongest direct association with social anxiety. Parenting styles constituted a significant pathway linking emotional abuse, physical abuse, and bullying with adolescent social anxiety.
References
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Hardiyati, H., Yosep, I., Dhamayanti, M., & ... (2026). Parents’ Experiences Supporting Justice-Involved Adolescents at Risk of Suicide During the Pre-Detention Phase in Indonesia. Journal of …. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S590578
Hoffmann, F., & Heim, C. (2024). Emotional Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence: Biological Embedding and Clinical Implications. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 73(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2024.73.1.4
Hofmann, S. G., Anu Asnaani, M. A., & Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1117–1127. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20759
Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133
Jin, Y., Warmenhoven, H., Xu, S., Feng, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). Childhood abuse and social anxiety: Socio-demographic correlates of social anxiety disorder among male and female youth exposed to childhood abuse. Current Psychology, 43(6), 5206–5218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04711-0
Korgaonkar, M. S., Tobler, C., Felmingham, K., Williams, L. M., Bryant, R. A., & Breukelaar, I. A. (2026). Emotional scars: limbic brain processing alterations in adults with childhood abuse across mental health disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 31(7), 3945–3954. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03511-9
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Kwan, C. K., & Kwok, S. Y. (2021). The Impact of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Adolescents’ Subjective Happiness: the Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(6), 2387–2401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09916-8
Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Gu, M., & Kwok, K. (2022). Childhood emotional abuse and adolescent flourishing: A moderated mediation model of self-compassion and curiosity. Child Abuse and Neglect, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105629
Lei, H., Yang, Y., Zhu, T., Zhang, X., & Dang, J. (2024). Network analysis of the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury, depression, and childhood trauma in adolescents. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01729-2
Li, S., Luo, X., Song, L., Gao, X., & Shen, Y. (2024). Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Eating Disorders’ Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Anxiety and Physical Activity. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 3875–3887. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S489186
Morales, A., Espada, J. P., Penosa, P., & OrgiléS, M. (2021). Parenting styles as mediators between maternal trait anxiety and preschoolers’ social anxiety: A cross-sectional study. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 38(1), 5–14. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118791970&partnerID=40&md5=2528bc1e996ea8aac08e24a0f0682c9e
Mou, Q., Zhuang, J., Gao, Y., Zhong, Y., Lu, Q., Gao, F., & Zhao, M. (2022). The relationship between social anxiety and academic engagement among Chinese college students: A serial mediation model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 311, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.158
Panggabean, A. D., & Sumarsono. (2024). Data Statistik Penggunaan Media Sosial Masyarakat Indonesia Tahun 2024. https://www.rri.co.id/iptek/721570/ini-data-statistik-penggunaan-media-sosial-masyarakat-indonesia-tahun-2024#:~:text=Ini Data Statistik Penggunaan Media Sosial Masyarakat Indonesia Tahun 2024,-Oleh: Andreas Daniel&text=Sementara dari segi umur sendiri,%252
Popyk, A., Pustułka, P., Wójcik, M., & Mondry, M. (2024). Relationship Between School Bullying Victimization and Social Attachment Patterns in Adulthood. Studia Socjologiczne, 2024(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.24425/sts.2024.151014
Putra, G. N. E., & Dendup, T. (2022). Health and behavioural outcomes of bullying victimisation among Indonesian adolescent students: findings from the 2015 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 27(3), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1826546
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Published
2026-09-18
How to Cite
Setyaningrum, N., Ardhian Indra Darmawan, Woro Ispandiah, & Tran Thien Nhan. (2026). Childhood Abuse and Bullying as Predictors of Social Anxiety in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parenting Styles. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(04), 1414-1444. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i04.6592
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