Fostering Knowledge Diffusion through Public-Private School Collaboration: An Educational Transformation Model in Malang City
Keywords:
Knowledge Diffusion, School Collaboration, Collaborative Governance
Abstract
Collaboration between public and private secondary schools creates opportunities for pedagogical knowledge exchange, yet existing interactions may remain fragmented when they lack sustained coordination and shared knowledge-management mechanisms. Developing an operational framework to address these barriers is therefore important for strengthening cross-school collaboration. This study aims to develop and preliminarily assess an Educational Transformation Ecosystem Model to facilitate knowledge diffusion among senior high schools in Malang City. A mixed-methods design was employed within a Design-Based Research (DBR) framework, comprising needs analysis, conceptual model development, two-round Delphi review, and a three-month pilot study. The needs analysis involved eight respondents, comprising four school principals and four teacher representatives. Four doctoral-level experts, two in management and two in education, reviewed the model, while 16 participants evaluated its implementation using a ten-item questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale. Findings identified limited time, fragmented coordination, dependence on informal networks, and inadequate shared knowledge documentation as key barriers. The resulting model integrates collaborative governance, cross-school Professional Learning Communities, a shared digital repository, and four implementation phases. Expert ratings averaged 86.4%, while the pilot yielded an aggregate implementation-feasibility score of 81.9%. These preliminary findings provide a context-specific framework for organizing cross-school knowledge exchange, warranting further evaluation of its sustainability and effectiveness.
References
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Kong, S. C. (2018). A study of primary school students’ interest, collaboration attitude, and programming empowerment in computational thinking education. Computers and Education, 127(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.026
Liu, Y. (2021). The Effect of Instructional Leadership and Distributed Leadership on Teacher Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Roles of Supportive School Culture and Teacher Collaboration. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 49(3), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
Lu, J. (2018). A Mirroring Process: From School Management Team Cooperation to Teacher Collaboration. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 17(2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2016.1278242
Mehto, V. (2020). Sociomateriality of collaboration within a small team in secondary school maker-centered learning project. International Journal of Child Computer Interaction, 26(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100209
Mora-Ruano, J. G. (2018). Teacher Collaboration in German Schools: Do Gender and School Type Influence the Frequency of Collaboration Among Teachers? Frontiers in Education, 3(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00055
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Myende, P. E. (2022). Enhancing parent–teacher collaboration in rural schools: Parents’ voices and implications for schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 25(3), 490–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764
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So, W. M. W. (2021). School-STEM Professionals’ Collaboration: A case study on teachers’ conceptions. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 49(3), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2020.1774743
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Stone, S. I. (2018). Conceptualizing the problems and possibilities of interprofessional collaboration in schools. Children and Schools, 40(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdy011
Vidergor, H. E. (2021). Effects of digital escape room on gameful experience, collaboration, and motivation of elementary school students. Computers and Education, 166(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104156
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Wilhelmsen, T. (2019). Physical education-related home–school collaboration: The experiences of parents of children with disabilities. European Physical Education Review, 25(3), 830–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X18777263
Yuan, R. (2018). Understanding teacher collaboration processes from a complexity theory perspective: A case study of a Chinese secondary school. Teachers and Teaching Theory and Practice, 24(5), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1447458
Alenezi, M. (2023). Digital Learning and Digital Institution in Higher Education. Education Sciences, 13(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010088
Arar, K., Turan, S., Atmaca, T., & Kesim, E. (2026). From hierarchies to communities: The power of a unique school culture in defining teacher collaboration in a private school. Journal of Educational Change, 27(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-026-09542-x
Bates, S. M. (2019). Examining the influence of interprofessional team collaboration on student-level outcomes through school-community partnerships. Children and Schools, 41(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdz001
Beers, P. J., Van Mierlo, B., & Hoes, A. C. (2016). Toward an integrative perspective on social learning in system innovation initiatives. Ecology and Society, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08148-210133
Blömeke, S. (2021). School Innovativeness Is Associated With Enhanced Teacher Collaboration, Innovative Classroom Practices, and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(8), 1645–1667. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000668
Bohnenkamp, J. H. (2023). Evaluating Strategies to Promote Effective, Multidisciplinary Team Collaboration in School Mental Health. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 39(2), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2022.2077875
Bryant, D. A., & Walker, A. (2024). Principal-designed structures that enhance middle leaders’ professional learning. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(2), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221084154
Childs, J. (2018). Improving School Attendance through Collaboration: A Catalyst for Community Involvement and Change. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 23(1), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10824669.2018.1439751
Claravall, E. B., Irey, R., & Shen, M. (2026). Transformative Mixed Methods Design-Based Research: Toward Developing Disciplinary Literacy Intervention for Students With Learning Differences. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 15586898261422330. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898261422330
Demartini, C. G., Sciascia, L., Bosso, A., & Manuri, F. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Bringing Improvements to Adaptive Learning in Education: A Case Study. Sustainability, 16(3), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031347
Demetroulis, E. A. (2023). Collaboration Skills in Educational Robotics: A Methodological Approach—Results from Two Case Studies in Primary Schools. Education Sciences, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13050468
Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: The teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4
Farrell, C. C., Penuel, W. R., Allen, A., Anderson, E. R., Bohannon, A. X., Coburn, C. E., & Brown, S. L. (2022). Learning at the Boundaries of Research and Practice: A Framework for Understanding Research–Practice Partnerships. Educational Researcher, 51(3), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211069073
Friedman, Z. L. (2023). Building Better Teams: Impact of Education And Coaching Intervention on Interprofessional Collaboration Between Teachers and Occupational Therapists in Schools. Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools and Early Intervention, 16(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2022.2037492
Gerdes, J. (2022). True partners? Exploring family-school partnership in secondary education from a collaboration perspective. Educational Review, 74(4), 805–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1778643
Granrud, M. D. (2019). Public health nurses’ perceptions of interprofessional collaboration related to adolescents’ mental health problems in secondary schools: A phenomenographic study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(15), 2899–2910. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14881
Griffiths, A. J. (2021). Together We Can Do So Much: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework of Collaboration in Schools. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573520915368
Holmström, A. (2023). Teachers’ work engagement and burnout profiles: Associations with sense of efficacy and interprofessional collaboration in school. Teaching and Teacher Education, 132(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104251
Hulme, M. (2023). Collaboration in Times of Crisis: Leading UK Schools in the Early Stages of a Pandemic. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 22(1), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2021.1917623
Jakhelln, R. (2022). University–school collaboration as an arena for community-building in teacher education. Educational Research, 64(4), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2022.2071750
Jong, L. de. (2019). School-based teacher collaboration: Different learning opportunities across various contexts. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102925
Jong, L. de. (2022). School-based collaboration as a learning context for teachers: A systematic review. International Journal of Educational Research, 112(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101927
Karyani, E., Geraldina, I., Haque, M. G., & Zahir, A. (2024). Intention to adopt a blockchain-based halal certification: Indonesia consumers and regulatory perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(7), 1766–1782. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2023-0069
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., … Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Kong, S. C. (2018). A study of primary school students’ interest, collaboration attitude, and programming empowerment in computational thinking education. Computers and Education, 127(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.026
Liu, Y. (2021). The Effect of Instructional Leadership and Distributed Leadership on Teacher Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Roles of Supportive School Culture and Teacher Collaboration. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 49(3), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
Lu, J. (2018). A Mirroring Process: From School Management Team Cooperation to Teacher Collaboration. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 17(2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2016.1278242
Mehto, V. (2020). Sociomateriality of collaboration within a small team in secondary school maker-centered learning project. International Journal of Child Computer Interaction, 26(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100209
Mora-Ruano, J. G. (2018). Teacher Collaboration in German Schools: Do Gender and School Type Influence the Frequency of Collaboration Among Teachers? Frontiers in Education, 3(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00055
Muckenthaler, M. (2020). Teacher collaboration as a core objective of school development. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 31(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2020.1747501
Myende, P. E. (2022). Enhancing parent–teacher collaboration in rural schools: Parents’ voices and implications for schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 25(3), 490–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1731764
Mylius, M. (2018). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 outbreak in Germany after school trip to Austria due to raw cow milk, 2017 – The important role of international collaboration for outbreak investigations. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 308(5), 539–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.05.005
Nadeem, M. (2024). Distributed leadership in educational contexts: A catalyst for school improvement. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100835
Oke, A., & Fernandes, F. A. P. (2020). Innovations in Teaching and Learning: Exploring the Perceptions of the Education Sector on the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020031
Pan, H. L. W. (2024). Teacher collaboration, school innovativeness and innovative teaching in Taiwan: Evidence from TALIS. International Journal of Educational Research, 127(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102383
Patrick, S. K. (2022). Organizing Schools for Collaborative Learning: School Leadership and Teachers’ Engagement in Collaboration. Educational Administration Quarterly, 58(4), 638–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X221107628
Pino-Yancovic, M. (2020). Promoting collaboration in a competitive context: School improvement networks in Chile. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(2), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-11-2018-0213
Schnellert, L., & Butler, D. L. (2021). Exploring the potential of collaborative teaching nested within professional learning networks. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 6(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2020-0037
Schuster, J. (2021). Teacher collaboration networks as a function of type of collaboration and schools’ structural environment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 103(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103372
So, W. M. W. (2021). School-STEM Professionals’ Collaboration: A case study on teachers’ conceptions. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 49(3), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2020.1774743
Somani, B. (2021). Standardization in Surgical Education (SISE): Development and Implementation of an Innovative Training Program for Urologic Surgery Residents and Trainers by the European School of Urology in Collaboration with the ESUT and EULIS Sections of the EAU. European Urology, 79(3), 433–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.12.003
Stone, S. I. (2018). Conceptualizing the problems and possibilities of interprofessional collaboration in schools. Children and Schools, 40(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdy011
Vidergor, H. E. (2021). Effects of digital escape room on gameful experience, collaboration, and motivation of elementary school students. Computers and Education, 166(Query date: 2026-10-28 11:41:15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104156
Wang, H. H. (2020). Defining interdisciplinary collaboration based on high school teachers’ beliefs and practices of STEM integration using a complex designed system. International Journal of Stem Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-019-0201-4
Wilhelmsen, T. (2019). Physical education-related home–school collaboration: The experiences of parents of children with disabilities. European Physical Education Review, 25(3), 830–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X18777263
Yuan, R. (2018). Understanding teacher collaboration processes from a complexity theory perspective: A case study of a Chinese secondary school. Teachers and Teaching Theory and Practice, 24(5), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1447458
Published
2026-11-03
How to Cite
Supriadi, S., Arini Zulfaida, & Shellya Tanaya Dhayinta. (2026). Fostering Knowledge Diffusion through Public-Private School Collaboration: An Educational Transformation Model in Malang City. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(04), 4778-4801. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i04.7218
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
