Key Performance Indicators in Public Sector Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Key Performance Indicators, public sector, performance management, performance measurement, Systematic Literature Review.
Abstract
Public sector performance measurement requires appropriate indicators to ensure the achievement of organizational goals, the effectiveness of resource use, and the quality of service to the community. This study aims to analyze the framework and role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), identify challenges in their implementation, and examine strategies to improve the effectiveness of KPIs in public sector organizations. The research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with a descriptive-qualitative approach to 40 scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and other sources. The articles analyzed include Scopus Q1–Q3 indexed international journals and SINTA 2–3 accredited national journals. The results of the study show that KPIs play a role in measuring the strategic, operational, service, and accountability performance of the organization. However, its implementation faces challenges in the form of indicator mismatches, limited resources, data quality, and weak supervision. The effectiveness of KPIs can be improved through adjusting indicators, strengthening the competence of apparatus, integrating information technology, and continuous evaluation. The research concludes that the implementation of KPIs needs to be carried out in an integrated, adaptive, and oriented manner towards improving the quality of public services.
References
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Aditya, M., Sri, S., & Marisi, P. (2024). The Influence of Key Performance Index on Employee Motivation and Performance. MASMAN : Master of Management, 2(1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.59603/masman.v2i1.317
Alalawin, A., Qamar, A. M., AlAlaween, W. H., Bentahar, Y., Al-Halaybeh, T., Al-Jundi, S., & Tanash, M. (2022). Aligning key performance indicators with lean management in the service sector: A case study for a Jordanian telecommunication company. Cogent Engineering, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2022.2124940
Ali, C., & Rahmawati, D. E. (2024). Acting Performance Evaluation Governor of Aceh in 2022 Based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) : Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Acting Governor of Aceh: Achmad Marzuki, Strategic Policy, Strategic Program. Journal of Government Studies, 43–74. https://doi.org/10.18196/jsp.v15i1.350
Amirova, A., Iskendirova, S., Daueshova, A., Zhanseitov, A., & Abylasimov, M. (2025). The Impact of Digital HRM Implementation on Public Sector Performance: A Quantitative Analysis of Service Delivery Efficiency. ECONOMICS, 13(3), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0067
Andries, B. I., & Tewu, M. L. D. (2023). Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of Waste Management in North Minahasa Regency by the Environment Agency. IMWI Repository Horizon, 6(4), 1282–1296. https://doi.org/10.52851/cakrawala.v6i4.462
Basri, M. R. N., Zainal, V. R., & Hakim, A. (2023). The Role of Management Information Systems on the Effectiveness of Employee Performance and Economic Growth (Qualitative Study on Pekalongan City Government). Widya Balina, 8(2), 781–791. https://doi.org/10.5395 8/wb.v8i2.342
Benamraoui, A., Chatzivgeri, E., Jory, S. R., & Ajay, R. (2024). VfM audit and the UK public sector: A critical review of the VfM reports. Financial Accountability & Management, 40(2), 127–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12338
Cossart, A. R., Canning, M. L., Yong, F. R., & Freeman, C. R. (2024). Benchmarking hospital clinical pharmacy practice using standardised key performance indicators (KPIs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 17(1). https://doi.org
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Dasallas, L., Lee, J., Jang, S., & Jang, S. (2024). Development and Application of Technical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Water Cities (SWCs) Global Standards and Certification Schemes. Water, 16(5), 741. https://doi.org/10.
3390/w16050741
Dragomir, L., Croitur, I. M., Ignat, N. D., & Chivu, M. (2025). Reflecting the alignment of key administrative performance indicators with the UN's sustainable development goals in the public sector in the specialized literature. International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering (ICMIE 2025). Agility and Readiness for Sustainable Business Continuity, 546–554. https://doi.org/10.56177/
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Ecim, D., Maroun, W., & Ferreira, C. (2025). Aligning Key Performance Indicators With Integrated Thinking Principles: Insights From Academic Literature and South African Organisations' Extra‐Financial Reports. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 32(3), 4270–4294. https://doi.org/10.1002
/csr.3176
El Araby, M. A., & Ayaad, N. el D. S. (2020). The dilemma of institutional performance assessment in governmental sector. Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences, 2(2), 115–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-08-2019-0026
Fallahnezhad, M., Langarizadeh, M., & Vahabzadeh, A. (2024). Key performance indicators of hospital supply chain: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1), 1610. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11954-5
Firman, F., & Lestari, T. (2025). Performance Measurement of Administrative Employees Based on Key Performance Indicators at the Directorate of Airworthiness and Aircraft Operations. Journal of Economic Management and Accounting, 2(1), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.63921/jmaeka.v2i1.217
Gebhardt, M., Thun, T. W., Seefloth, M., & Zülch, H. (2023). Managing sustainability—Does the integration of environmental, social and governance key performance indicators in the internal management systems contribute to companies' environmental, social and governance performance? Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 2175–2192. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3242
Hussain, S., Hasmori, M. F., Abas, N. H., Balasbaneh, A. T., & Khan, M. W. (2022). Key Performance Indicators for Project Success in Saudi Arabian Construction Industry. Research Square, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2329589/v1
Khadijah, K., Ferdila, F., Maizar, M., & Syafitri, A. (2025). Performance Evaluation of Batam City Government: A Public Sector Accounting Approach. Scientific Journal of Accusi, 7(2), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.36985/33yg9845
Kholik, B. A. (2022). The Influence of Strategic Planning and Human Resources Performance with a Focus on the Blitar Keren Program on the Achievement of IKU in the Blitar City Regional Government. REVITALIZATION, 11(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.32503/revitalisasi.v11i2.3267
Kurniati, S., & Abbas, Y. (2023). Evaluation of the Completion of Follow-up Recommendations of Bpk Audit Results as Key Performance INDICATOR. Owner, 7(4), 3461–3471. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i4.1632
Magnusson, L., Iqbal, S., Elm, P., & Dalipi, F. (2025). Information security governance in the public sector: investigations, approaches, measures, and trends. International Journal of Information Security, 24(4), 177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01097-x
Marinagi, C., Reklitis, P., Trivellas, P., & Sakas, D. (2023). The Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on Key Performance Indicators for a Resilient Supply Chain 4.0. Sustainability, 15(6), 5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065185
Matos, J., Fernandes, S., Tran, M., Nguyen, Q., Baron, E., & Dang, S. (2023). Developing a Comprehensive Quality Control Framework for Roadway Bridge Management: A Case Study Approach Using Key Performance Indicators. Applied Sciences, 13(13), 7985. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137985
Nabovati, E., Farrahi, R., Sadeqi Jabali, M., Khajouei, R., & Abbasi, R. (2023). Identifying and prioritizing the key performance indicators for hospital management dashboard at a national level: Viewpoint of hospital managers. Health Informatics Journal, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/14604582231221139
Ntshwene, K., Ssegawa, J. K., & Rwelamila, P. D. (2022). Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for measuring PMOs Services in selected Organisations in Botswana. Procedia Computer Science, 196, 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.098
Rayendra, A., Indriyani, I., Masturoh, H., & Anggraeni, F. E. (2025). The Application of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in the Handling of Original Forwarding Document Returns at PT Silkargo Indonesia. Saintara: Scientific Journal of Maritime Sciences, 9(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.52475/saintara.v9i1.385
Ridwan, R., Susanti, L., Zadry, H. R., & Meilani, D. (2025). Designing Agile Governance Implementation Strategies in Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD). Journal of Industrial Engineering and Systems Media, 9(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.35194/
jmtsi.v9i2.4978
Rodrigues, C., Martins, T. A. E., & Amaral, L. (2025). From Efficiency to Circularity in the Wastewater Sector: A Review of Performance Indicators in Regulated Countries. Water, 17(15), 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152226
Rusdi, M., Sartika, D., Putra, I., & Sari, N. (2023). Quality Governance Design Good University Governance In The Education Sector: A Literature Review of Concepts Performance Models and Audit Practices From a Risk Management Perspective. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 3(3). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i3.682
Sahur, A., & Amiruddin, A. (2023). Analysis of the Success of Implementing Digital Service Delivery in the Indonesian Public Sector: A Case Study on the Use of Online Public Service Applications. International Journal Papier Public Review, 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v4i3.242
Sala, E. E., & Subriadi, A. P. (2023). Hot-Fit Model to Measure the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Information System in Public Sector. The Winners, 23(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v23i2.7423
Saleh, M., & Widiastuti, R. (2025). Transformation of Ministerial Performance Evaluation: Integrating Key Performance Indicators and Principles of Transparency into the Governance System. Journal of Constitutional and Governance Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.20885/JCGS.vol2.iss1.art1
Soriano-Gonzalez, R., Perez-Bernabeu, E., Ahsini, Y., Carracedo, P., Camacho, A., & Juan, A. A. (2023). Analyzing Key Performance Indicators for Mobility Logistics in Smart and Sustainable Cities: A Case Study Centered on Barcelona. Logistics, 7(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics7040075
Supriyadi, D., Daraba, D., Khairi, H., & Sutiyo, S. (2024). EVALUATION OF THE MAIN PERFORMANCE OF THE BEKASI REGENCY GOVERNMENT, WEST JAVA PROVINCE. Journal of Academia Praja, 7(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.36859/jap.v7i1.2050
Suryani, P., Gaol, L. L., & Daurrohmah, E. W. (2023). Analysis of relaxation of local government budgeting on the achievement of the Bengkulu City government's key performance indicators during the covid-19 period. Entrepreneurship Business Management Accounting (E-BISMA), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.37631/
ebisma.v4i1.843
Talebpour, A., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Janati, A., Pashazadeh, F., & Gholizadeh, M. (2025). Crucial key performance indicators for hospital evaluation: A scoping review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14(1). https://doi.org/10
.4103/jehp.jehp_2102_23
Tarek, E., Motawa, I., & Elmasoudi, I. (2022). Relative Importance Index for the Key Performance Indicators for the construction industry in Egypt. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 10(1), 125–131.
Therivel, R., & Gonzalez, A. (2024). Developing key performance indicators for strategic environmental assessment effectiveness: a systematic framework. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 42(3), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14615517.2024.2355706
van de Ven, M., Lara Machado, P., Athanasopoulou, A., Aysolmaz, B., & Turetken, O. (2023). Key performance indicators for business models: a systematic review and catalog. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 21(3), 753–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-023-00650-2
Wardiyanto, B., Setijaningrum, E., Samad, S., & Kandar, A. H. (2025). Mending the mismatch of minds and mandates: reimagining competency-centric public service delivery in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2442538
Aditya, M., Sri, S., & Marisi, P. (2024). The Influence of Key Performance Index on Employee Motivation and Performance. MASMAN : Master of Management, 2(1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.59603/masman.v2i1.317
Alalawin, A., Qamar, A. M., AlAlaween, W. H., Bentahar, Y., Al-Halaybeh, T., Al-Jundi, S., & Tanash, M. (2022). Aligning key performance indicators with lean management in the service sector: A case study for a Jordanian telecommunication company. Cogent Engineering, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2022.2124940
Ali, C., & Rahmawati, D. E. (2024). Acting Performance Evaluation Governor of Aceh in 2022 Based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) : Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Acting Governor of Aceh: Achmad Marzuki, Strategic Policy, Strategic Program. Journal of Government Studies, 43–74. https://doi.org/10.18196/jsp.v15i1.350
Amirova, A., Iskendirova, S., Daueshova, A., Zhanseitov, A., & Abylasimov, M. (2025). The Impact of Digital HRM Implementation on Public Sector Performance: A Quantitative Analysis of Service Delivery Efficiency. ECONOMICS, 13(3), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0067
Andries, B. I., & Tewu, M. L. D. (2023). Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of Waste Management in North Minahasa Regency by the Environment Agency. IMWI Repository Horizon, 6(4), 1282–1296. https://doi.org/10.52851/cakrawala.v6i4.462
Basri, M. R. N., Zainal, V. R., & Hakim, A. (2023). The Role of Management Information Systems on the Effectiveness of Employee Performance and Economic Growth (Qualitative Study on Pekalongan City Government). Widya Balina, 8(2), 781–791. https://doi.org/10.5395 8/wb.v8i2.342
Benamraoui, A., Chatzivgeri, E., Jory, S. R., & Ajay, R. (2024). VfM audit and the UK public sector: A critical review of the VfM reports. Financial Accountability & Management, 40(2), 127–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12338
Cossart, A. R., Canning, M. L., Yong, F. R., & Freeman, C. R. (2024). Benchmarking hospital clinical pharmacy practice using standardised key performance indicators (KPIs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 17(1). https://doi.org
/10.1080/20523211.2024.2431181
Dasallas, L., Lee, J., Jang, S., & Jang, S. (2024). Development and Application of Technical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Water Cities (SWCs) Global Standards and Certification Schemes. Water, 16(5), 741. https://doi.org/10.
3390/w16050741
Dragomir, L., Croitur, I. M., Ignat, N. D., & Chivu, M. (2025). Reflecting the alignment of key administrative performance indicators with the UN's sustainable development goals in the public sector in the specialized literature. International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering (ICMIE 2025). Agility and Readiness for Sustainable Business Continuity, 546–554. https://doi.org/10.56177/
12icmie2025.171
Ecim, D., Maroun, W., & Ferreira, C. (2025). Aligning Key Performance Indicators With Integrated Thinking Principles: Insights From Academic Literature and South African Organisations' Extra‐Financial Reports. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 32(3), 4270–4294. https://doi.org/10.1002
/csr.3176
El Araby, M. A., & Ayaad, N. el D. S. (2020). The dilemma of institutional performance assessment in governmental sector. Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences, 2(2), 115–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-08-2019-0026
Fallahnezhad, M., Langarizadeh, M., & Vahabzadeh, A. (2024). Key performance indicators of hospital supply chain: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1), 1610. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11954-5
Firman, F., & Lestari, T. (2025). Performance Measurement of Administrative Employees Based on Key Performance Indicators at the Directorate of Airworthiness and Aircraft Operations. Journal of Economic Management and Accounting, 2(1), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.63921/jmaeka.v2i1.217
Gebhardt, M., Thun, T. W., Seefloth, M., & Zülch, H. (2023). Managing sustainability—Does the integration of environmental, social and governance key performance indicators in the internal management systems contribute to companies' environmental, social and governance performance? Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 2175–2192. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3242
Hussain, S., Hasmori, M. F., Abas, N. H., Balasbaneh, A. T., & Khan, M. W. (2022). Key Performance Indicators for Project Success in Saudi Arabian Construction Industry. Research Square, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2329589/v1
Khadijah, K., Ferdila, F., Maizar, M., & Syafitri, A. (2025). Performance Evaluation of Batam City Government: A Public Sector Accounting Approach. Scientific Journal of Accusi, 7(2), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.36985/33yg9845
Kholik, B. A. (2022). The Influence of Strategic Planning and Human Resources Performance with a Focus on the Blitar Keren Program on the Achievement of IKU in the Blitar City Regional Government. REVITALIZATION, 11(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.32503/revitalisasi.v11i2.3267
Kurniati, S., & Abbas, Y. (2023). Evaluation of the Completion of Follow-up Recommendations of Bpk Audit Results as Key Performance INDICATOR. Owner, 7(4), 3461–3471. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i4.1632
Magnusson, L., Iqbal, S., Elm, P., & Dalipi, F. (2025). Information security governance in the public sector: investigations, approaches, measures, and trends. International Journal of Information Security, 24(4), 177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01097-x
Marinagi, C., Reklitis, P., Trivellas, P., & Sakas, D. (2023). The Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on Key Performance Indicators for a Resilient Supply Chain 4.0. Sustainability, 15(6), 5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065185
Matos, J., Fernandes, S., Tran, M., Nguyen, Q., Baron, E., & Dang, S. (2023). Developing a Comprehensive Quality Control Framework for Roadway Bridge Management: A Case Study Approach Using Key Performance Indicators. Applied Sciences, 13(13), 7985. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137985
Nabovati, E., Farrahi, R., Sadeqi Jabali, M., Khajouei, R., & Abbasi, R. (2023). Identifying and prioritizing the key performance indicators for hospital management dashboard at a national level: Viewpoint of hospital managers. Health Informatics Journal, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/14604582231221139
Ntshwene, K., Ssegawa, J. K., & Rwelamila, P. D. (2022). Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for measuring PMOs Services in selected Organisations in Botswana. Procedia Computer Science, 196, 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.098
Rayendra, A., Indriyani, I., Masturoh, H., & Anggraeni, F. E. (2025). The Application of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in the Handling of Original Forwarding Document Returns at PT Silkargo Indonesia. Saintara: Scientific Journal of Maritime Sciences, 9(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.52475/saintara.v9i1.385
Ridwan, R., Susanti, L., Zadry, H. R., & Meilani, D. (2025). Designing Agile Governance Implementation Strategies in Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD). Journal of Industrial Engineering and Systems Media, 9(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.35194/
jmtsi.v9i2.4978
Rodrigues, C., Martins, T. A. E., & Amaral, L. (2025). From Efficiency to Circularity in the Wastewater Sector: A Review of Performance Indicators in Regulated Countries. Water, 17(15), 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152226
Rusdi, M., Sartika, D., Putra, I., & Sari, N. (2023). Quality Governance Design Good University Governance In The Education Sector: A Literature Review of Concepts Performance Models and Audit Practices From a Risk Management Perspective. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 3(3). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i3.682
Sahur, A., & Amiruddin, A. (2023). Analysis of the Success of Implementing Digital Service Delivery in the Indonesian Public Sector: A Case Study on the Use of Online Public Service Applications. International Journal Papier Public Review, 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v4i3.242
Sala, E. E., & Subriadi, A. P. (2023). Hot-Fit Model to Measure the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Information System in Public Sector. The Winners, 23(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v23i2.7423
Saleh, M., & Widiastuti, R. (2025). Transformation of Ministerial Performance Evaluation: Integrating Key Performance Indicators and Principles of Transparency into the Governance System. Journal of Constitutional and Governance Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.20885/JCGS.vol2.iss1.art1
Soriano-Gonzalez, R., Perez-Bernabeu, E., Ahsini, Y., Carracedo, P., Camacho, A., & Juan, A. A. (2023). Analyzing Key Performance Indicators for Mobility Logistics in Smart and Sustainable Cities: A Case Study Centered on Barcelona. Logistics, 7(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics7040075
Supriyadi, D., Daraba, D., Khairi, H., & Sutiyo, S. (2024). EVALUATION OF THE MAIN PERFORMANCE OF THE BEKASI REGENCY GOVERNMENT, WEST JAVA PROVINCE. Journal of Academia Praja, 7(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.36859/jap.v7i1.2050
Suryani, P., Gaol, L. L., & Daurrohmah, E. W. (2023). Analysis of relaxation of local government budgeting on the achievement of the Bengkulu City government's key performance indicators during the covid-19 period. Entrepreneurship Business Management Accounting (E-BISMA), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.37631/
ebisma.v4i1.843
Talebpour, A., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Janati, A., Pashazadeh, F., & Gholizadeh, M. (2025). Crucial key performance indicators for hospital evaluation: A scoping review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14(1). https://doi.org/10
.4103/jehp.jehp_2102_23
Tarek, E., Motawa, I., & Elmasoudi, I. (2022). Relative Importance Index for the Key Performance Indicators for the construction industry in Egypt. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 10(1), 125–131.
Therivel, R., & Gonzalez, A. (2024). Developing key performance indicators for strategic environmental assessment effectiveness: a systematic framework. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 42(3), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14615517.2024.2355706
van de Ven, M., Lara Machado, P., Athanasopoulou, A., Aysolmaz, B., & Turetken, O. (2023). Key performance indicators for business models: a systematic review and catalog. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 21(3), 753–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-023-00650-2
Wardiyanto, B., Setijaningrum, E., Samad, S., & Kandar, A. H. (2025). Mending the mismatch of minds and mandates: reimagining competency-centric public service delivery in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2442538
Published
2026-11-10
How to Cite
Putri, A. M., & Fuadah, L. L. (2026). Key Performance Indicators in Public Sector Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(04), 5325-5340. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i04.7390
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
